Combined therapy using photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy has been proposed for anticancer-drug-resistant cancer cells. To evaluate the efficacy of such a combined therapy, the uptakes of an anticancer drug and a photosensitizer in cancer cells must be assessed. Mass spectrometry using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization can detect multiple drugs simultaneously. Human prostate cancer cells PC-3 or docetaxel-resistant cancer cells PC-3-DR were incubated in a serum-free medium containing a photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), and an anticancer drug, docetaxel. A zeolite matrix was created by mixing 6-aza-2-thiothymine and NaY5.6 zeolite, and dissolving in water with 50% acetone. Ions were obtained with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer using a Nd:YAG laser at a wavelength of 355 nm. The cell morphology was preserved by washing the cells with ammonium acetate and drying in a vacuum after drug administration. Protonated PpIX (m/z 563.3) and the sodium adduct ion of docetaxel (m/z 829.9) were obtained from PC-3 cells simultaneously using the zeolite matrix. On the other hand, PpIX was detected but ions originating from docetaxel were not detected from PC-3-DR cells. The result indicated the efficacy of PDT for docetaxel-resistant cancer cells.