open access
Comparative study of the peroneus tertius muscle in pigs based on the origin, course, insertion and innervation
, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 1, 2
Affiliations- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Physical Education, Qu Jing Normal University, Yun Nan, China
- Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Science Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
open access
Abstract
Background: That the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) is a separate entity has been debated. PT has been reported to be part of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, part of the extensor digitorum brevis, or a separate muscle. While pigs have a PT as well as primates, there are no reports of its association with the extensor digitorum longus muscle or extensor digitorum brevis.
Materials and methods: In this study, we used gross dissection and Sihler’s staining to determine the origin, course, insertion, and innervation of the pig PT.
Results: The PT and extensor digitorum longus muscles jointly originated from the femur and ran between the tibialis cranialis and peroneus longus muscles. The PT was inserted at the retinaculum of the metatarsal extensors, tarsal bone, and second metatarsal bone. The branches of the common fibular nerve to the extensor digitorum longus muscle were distributed to the PT.
Conclusions: The innervations suggest that the PT and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the pig were derived from the same muscle mass during development but were named separately due to differences in their morphology. Furthermore, morphological features suggest that pig PT and human PT are probably different muscles.
Abstract
Background: That the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) is a separate entity has been debated. PT has been reported to be part of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, part of the extensor digitorum brevis, or a separate muscle. While pigs have a PT as well as primates, there are no reports of its association with the extensor digitorum longus muscle or extensor digitorum brevis.
Materials and methods: In this study, we used gross dissection and Sihler’s staining to determine the origin, course, insertion, and innervation of the pig PT.
Results: The PT and extensor digitorum longus muscles jointly originated from the femur and ran between the tibialis cranialis and peroneus longus muscles. The PT was inserted at the retinaculum of the metatarsal extensors, tarsal bone, and second metatarsal bone. The branches of the common fibular nerve to the extensor digitorum longus muscle were distributed to the PT.
Conclusions: The innervations suggest that the PT and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the pig were derived from the same muscle mass during development but were named separately due to differences in their morphology. Furthermore, morphological features suggest that pig PT and human PT are probably different muscles.
Keywords
common fibularis nerve, hindlimb, fibularis tertius, Shiler’s stain, comparative anatomy
About this articleTitle
Comparative study of the peroneus tertius muscle in pigs based on the origin, course, insertion and innervation
Journal
Issue
Article type
Original article
Published online
2024-02-01
Page views
180
Article views/downloads
181
DOI
Pubmed
Keywords
common fibularis nerve
hindlimb
fibularis tertius
Shiler’s stain
comparative anatomy
Authors
Yutaro Natsuyama
Ting Yang
Rujia Li
Kazuyuki Shimada
Shunichi Uetake
Ke Ren
Yasuko Kamikawa
Konosuke Tokita
Ryuhei Kojima
Masahiro Itoh
Shuang-Qin Yi
References (22)- Bamburkar RV. Veterinary anatomy: the regional gross anatomy of the domestic animals: fully illustrated. New India Publishing Agency, Nipa 2018: 693.
- Dai Y, Yi K, Shimada K, et al. Anatomy of the coronary arteries in fetal pigs: comparison with human anatomy. Anat Sci Int. 2020; 95(2): 265–276.
- David CJ. Tendon variations of the peroneal musculature in man. Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library. 1973; 2.
- Ercikti N, Apaydin N, Kocabiyik N, et al. Insertional characteristics of the peroneus tertius tendon: revisiting the anatomy of an underestimated muscle. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016; 55(4): 709–713.
- Hepburn D. Comparative Anatomy of the Muscles and Nerves of the Superior and Inferior Extremities of the Anthropoid Apes: Part II. J Anat Physiol. 1892; 26(Pt 3): 324-356. J Anat Physiol. 1892(26): 324–356.
- Joshi SD, Joshi SS, Athavale SA. Morphology of peroneus tertius muscle. Clin Anat. 2006; 19(7): 611–614.
- Jungers W, Meldrum D, Stern J. The functional and evolutionary significance of the human peroneus tertius muscle. Journal of Human Evolution. 1993; 25(5): 377–386.
- Kaneff A. Vergleichende morphologische Untersuchungen uber den M. extensor digitorum longus und den M. fibularis tertius beim Menschen und beieinigenniedringeren Saugern. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch. 1964; 106: 117–146.
- Keith A. The adaptational machinery concerned in the evolution of man's body. Nature. 1923; 112(2807): 257–268.
- Kimura K, Takahashi Y. The peroneus tertius muscle in the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1985; 62(3-4): 173–185.
- König HE, Liebich H. Veterinary anatomy of domestic animals, textbook and colour atlas (7th). Thieme Medical Pub, Stuttgart 2020.
- Krammer EB, Lischka MF, Gruber H. Gross anatomy and evolutionary significance of the human peroneus III. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1979; 155(3): 291–302.
- Liu J, Kumar P, Shen Y, et al. Modified Sihler's technique for studying the distribution of intramuscular nerve branches in mammalian skeletal muscle. The Anatomical Record. 1997; 247(1): 137–144, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199701)247:1<137::AID-AR16>3.0.CO;2-Q.
- Natsuyama Y, Zhang M, Yang T, et al. Morphological study of the arterial supply to the menisci in pigs with special reference to creating meniscus injury model. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2023 [Epub ahead of print].
- Natsuyama Y, Zhang M, Yang T, et al. The continuous structure of the joint capsule and meniscus in the pig knee. Anat Histol Embryol. 2023; 52(5): 789–797.
- Olewnik Ł. Fibularis tertius: anatomical study and review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2019; 32(8): 1082–1093.
- Ribbing L. Die muskeln und nerven der extremitaten. In: Bolk L, Goeppert E, Kallius E, Lubosch W. ed. Handbuch der vergleichenden anatomie der wirbeltiere. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1938: 543–656.
- Sawai T. The emergence of modern muscle names: the contribution to the foundation of systematic terminology of Vesalius, Sylvius, and Bauhin. Anat Sci Int. 2019; 94(1): 23–38.
- Sekiya Si, Suzuki R, Miyawaki M, et al. [Application of the modified Sihler's stain technique to cadaveric peripheral nerves after medical students' dissection course]. Kaibogaku Zasshi. 2005; 80(3): 67–72.
- Shinohara H. A warning against revival of the classic tenets of gross anatomy related to nerve-muscle specificity. J Anat. 1996; 188: 247–248.
- Wells LH. A peroneus tertius muscle in a chacma baboon (Papio porcarius). J Anat. 1935(69): 508–514.
- Yammine K, Erić M. The fibularis (Peroneus) tertius muscle in humans: a meta-analysis of anatomical studies with clinical and evolutionary implications. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017.
