Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2022, 166(3):258-266 | DOI: 10.5507/bp.2021.065

Sudden cardiac death - a known unknown?

Jana Obrovaa, Eliska Sovovab, Eva Kocianovaa, Milos Taborskya
a Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
b Department of Exercise Medicine and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major medical, economic and social problem. The estimated annual number of SCDs is approximately 4 million cases worldwide. Approximately 50% of SCDs are unexpected first manifestations of cardiac disease. The survival rate after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is low even in countries with the most advanced health care systems. It all emphasizes the importance of prevention, in which implantable cardioverter-defibrillators play a dominant role. However, our ability to recognize high-risk patients remains insufficient. Moreover, a declining rate of shockable rhythm as the initial recording has been reported in the last decades. Despite numerous SCD studies and undisputed progress, there are still many unanswered questions.

Keywords: sudden cardiac death, mechanism, prevention, risk stratification, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

Received: July 9, 2021; Revised: October 18, 2021; Accepted: November 5, 2021; Prepublished online: November 15, 2021; Published: September 14, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Obrova, J., Sovova, E., Kocianova, E., & Taborsky, M. (2022). Sudden cardiac death - a known unknown? Biomedical papers, 166(3), 258-266. doi: 10.5507/bp.2021.065
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Myerburg RJ, Goldberger JJ. Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2018 Go to original source...
    2. Stecker EC, Reinier K, Marijon E, Narayanan K, Teodorescu C, Uy-Evanado A, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Public Health Burden of Sudden Cardiac Death in the United States. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7(2):212-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Paratz ED, Rowsell L, Zentner D, Parsons S, Morgan N, Thompson T, James P, Pflaumer A, Semsarian C, Smith K, Stub D, La Gerche A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death registries: a systematic review of global coverage. Open Heart 2020;7(1):e001195. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Goldberger JJ, Buxton AE, Cain M, Costantini O, Exner DV, Knight BP, Lloyd-Jones D, Kadish AH, Lee B, Moss A, Myerburg R, Olgin J, Passman R, Rosenbaum D, Stevenson W, Zareba W, Zipes DP. Risk Stratification for Arrhythmic Sudden Cardiac Death: Identifying the Roadblocks. Circulation 2011;123(21):2423-30. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B, Ilias N, Vickers C, Dogra V, Daya M, Kron J, Zheng Z-J, Mensah G, McAnulty J. Current burden of sudden cardiac death: Multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(6):1268-75. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, VanWagner LB, Tsao CW, On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation [Internet]. 2020 March 3 [cited 2021 Jun 8];141(9). Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, Elliott PM, Fitzsimons D, Hatala R, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen K, Kuck K-H, Hernandez-Madrid A, Nikolaou N, Norekvål TM, Spaulding C, Van Veldhuisen DJ. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2015;36(41):2793-867. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM, Avedissian L, Pearse LA, Potter RN, Tremaine L, Gentlesk PJ, Huffer L, Reich SS, Stevenson WG. Sudden Death in Young Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58(12):1254-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Adabag AS. Sudden Death After Myocardial Infarction. JAMA. 2008;300(17):2022. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med 2000;343(19):1355-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Jouven X, Desnos M, Guerot C, Ducimetière P. Predicting Sudden Death in the Population: The Paris Prospective Study I. Circulation 1999;99(15):1978-83. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Hookana E, Junttila MJ, Kaikkonen KS, Ukkola O, Kesäniemi YA, Kortelainen M-L, Huikuri HV. Comparison of Family History of Sudden Cardiac Death in Nonischemic and Ischemic Heart Disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5(4):757-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Kaikkonen KS, Kortelainen M-L, Linna E, Huikuri HV. Family History and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death as a Manifestation of an Acute Coronary Event. Circulation 2006;114(14):1462-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Hallstorm AP, Eisenberg MS, Bergner L. The Persistence of Ventricular Fibrillation and Its Implication for Evaluating EMS. Emerg Health Serv Q. 1983;1(4):41-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. de Luna AB, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: Mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989;117(1):151-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 2001;345(20):1473-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Herlitz J. Experiences from treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during 17 years in Göteborg. Eur Heart J 2000;21(15):1251-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Kuisma M, Repo J, Alaspää A. The incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in Helsinki, Finland, from 1994 to 1999. The Lancet 2001;358(9280):473-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Cobb LA. Changing Incidence of Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation, 1980-2000. JAMA 2002 December 18;288(23):3008. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Polentini MS, Pirrallo RG, McGill W. The Changing Incidence of Ventricular Fibrillation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1992-2002). Prehosp Emerg Care 2006;10(1):52-60. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Steinberg C, Laksman ZWM, Krahn AD. Sudden cardiac death: A reappraisal. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016;26(8):709-19. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Nadkarni VM. First Documented Rhythm and Clinical Outcome From In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Among Children and Adults. JAMA. 2006;295(1):50. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB, Indik JH, Halperin HR, Berg RA. Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest*: Crit Care Med 2010;38(1):101-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Perkins GD, Gräsner J-T, Semeraro F, Olasveengen T, Soar J, Lott C, Van de Voorde P, Madar J, Zideman D, Mentzelopoulos S, Bossaert L, Greif R, Monsieurs K, Svavarsdóttir H, Nolan JP, Ainsworth S, Akin S, Alfonzo A, Andres J, Attard Montalto S, Barelli A, Baubin M, Behringer W, Bein B, Biarent D, Bingham R, Blom M, Boccuzzi A, Borra V, Bossaert L, Böttiger BW, Breckwoldt J, Brissaud O, Burkart R, Cariou A, Carli P, Carmona F, Cassan P, Castren M, Christophides T, Cimpoesu CD, Clarens C, Conaghan P, Couper K, Cronberg T, De Buck E, de Lucas N, De Roovere A, Deakin CD, Delchef J, Dirks B, Djakow J, Djarv T, Druwe P, Eldin G, Ersdal H, Friberg H, Genbrugge C, Georgiou M, Goemans E, Gonzalez-Salvado V, Gradisek P, Graesner JT, Greif R, Handley AJ, Hassager C, Haywood K, Heltne JK, Hendrickx D, Herlitz J, Hinkelbein J, Hoffmann F, Hunyadi Anticevic S, Johannesdottir GB, Khalifa G, Klaassen B, Koppl J, Kreimeier U, Kuzovlev A, Lauritsen T, Lilja G, Lippert F, Lockey A, Lott C, Lulic I, Maas M, Maconochie I, Madar J, Martinez-Mejias A, Masterson S, Mentzelopoulos SD, Meyran D, Monsieurs KG, Morley C, Moulaert VRM, Mpotos N, Nikolaou N, Nolan JP, Olasveengen TM, Oliver E, Paal P, Pellis T, Perkins GD, Pflanzl-Knizacek L, Pitches K, Poole K, Raffay V, Renier W, Ristagno G, Roehr CC, Rosell-Ortiz F, Rudiger M, Safri A, Sanchez Santos L, Sandroni C, Sari F, Scapigliati A, Schilder S, Schlieber J, Schnaubelt S, Semeraro F, Shammet S, Singletary EM, Skare C, Skrifvars MB, Smyth M, Soar J, Svavarsdottir H, Szczapa T, Taccone F, Tageldin Mustafa M, Te Pas A, Thies KC, Tjelmeland IBM, Trevisanuto D, Truhlar A, Trummer G, Turner NM, Urlesberger B, Vaahersalo J, Van de Voorde P, Van Grootven H, Wilkinson D, Wnent J, Wyllie JP, Yeung J, Zideman DA. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Executive summary. Resuscitation 2021;161:1-60. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Semeraro F, Greif R, Böttiger BW, Burkart R, Cimpoesu D, Georgiou M, Yeung J, Lippert F, S Lockey A, Olasveengen TM, Ristagno G, Schlieber J, Schnaubelt S, Scapigliati A, G Monsieurs K. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Systems saving lives. Resuscitation 2021;161:80-97. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Gräsner J-T, Herlitz J, Tjelmeland IBM, Wnent J, Masterson S, Lilja G, Bein B, Böttiger BW, Rosell-Ortiz F, Nolan JP, Bossaert L, Perkins GD. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation 2021;161:61-79. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989;321(6):406-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992;327(4):227-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Julian D, Camm A, Frangin G, Janse M, Munoz A, Schwartz P, Simon P. Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. The Lancet 1997;349(9053):667-74. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, Gent M. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. The Lancet 1997;349(9053):675-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH. Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352(3):225-37. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet Lond Engl 1999;353(9146):9-13. Go to original source...
    33. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in-Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). The Lancet 1999;353(9169):2001-7. Go to PubMed...
    34. Al-Gobari M, Khatib CE, Pillon F, Gueyffier F. Beta-blockers for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013;13(1):52. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Èelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Crespo-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Lyon AR, McMurray JJV, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GMC, Ruschitzka F, Kathrine Skibelund A, ESC Scientific Document Group, de Boer RA, Christian Schulze P, Abdelhamid M, Aboyans V, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Arbelo E, Asteggiano R, Bauersachs J, Bayes-Genis A, Borger MA, Budts W, Cikes M, Damman K, Delgado V, Dendale P, Dilaveris P, Drexel H, Ezekowitz J, Falk V, Fauchier L, Filippatos G, Fraser A, Frey N, Gale CP, Gustafsson F, Harris J, Iung B, Janssens S, Jessup M, Konradi A, Kotecha D, Lambrinou E, Lancellotti P, Landmesser U, Leclercq C, Lewis BS, Leyva F, Linhart A, Løchen M-L, Lund LH, Mancini D, Masip J, Milicic D, Mueller C, Nef H, Nielsen J-C, Neubeck L, Noutsias M, Petersen SE, Sonia Petronio A, Ponikowski P, Prescott E, Rakisheva A, Richter DJ, Schlyakhto E, Seferovic P, Senni M, Sitges M, Sousa-Uva M, Tocchetti CG, Touyz RM, Tschoepe C, Waltenberger J, Adamo M, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Èelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Crespo-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gardner RS, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Lyon AR, McMurray JJV, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Piepoli MF, Price S, Rosano GMC, Ruschitzka F, Skibelund AK. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021;42(36):3599-726. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Ackerman MJ, Priori SG, Dubin AM, Kowey P, Linker NJ, Slotwiner D, Triedman J, Van Hare GF, Gold MR. Beta-blocker therapy for long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: Are all beta-blockers equivalent? Heart Rhythm 2017;14(1):e41-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Zile MR. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2014;371(11):993-1004. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Desai AS, McMurray JJV, Packer M, Swedberg K, Rouleau JL, Chen F, Gong J, Rizkala AR, Brahimi A, Claggett B, Finn PV, Hartley LH, Liu J, Lefkowitz M, Shi V, Zile MR, Solomon SD. Effect of the angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 compared with enalapril on mode of death in heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 2015;36(30):1990-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Fernandes GC, Fernandes A, Cardoso R, Penalver J, Knijnik L, Mitrani RD, Myerburg RJ, Goldberger JJ. Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with type 2 diabetes or heart failure: A meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials. Heart Rhythm 2021;S1547527121002393. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. A Comparison of Antiarrhythmic-Drug Therapy with Implantable Defibrillators in Patients Resuscitated from Near-Fatal Ventricular Arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1997;337(22):1576-84. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A Randomized Study of the Prevention of Sudden Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med 1999;341(25):1882-90. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Kuck K-H, Cappato R, Siebels J, Rüppel R. Randomized Comparison of Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy With Implantable Defibrillators in Patients Resuscitated From Cardiac Arrest: The Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 2000;102(7):748-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Connolly S. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. Eur Heart J 2000;21(24):2071-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML. Prophylactic Implantation of a Defibrillator in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346(12):877-83. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, Roberts RS, Hampton JR, Hatala R, Fain E, Gent M, Connolly SJ. Prophylactic Use of an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator after Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2004;351(24):2481-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Steinbeck G, Andresen D, Seidl K, Brachmann J, Hoffmann E, Wojciechowski D, Kornacewicz-Jach Z, Sredniawa B, Lupkovics G, Hofgärtner F, Lubinski A, Rosenqvist M, Habets A, Wegscheider K, Senges J. Defibrillator Implantation Early after Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2009;361(15):1427-36. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Wellens HJJ, Schwartz PJ, Lindemans FW, Buxton AE, Goldberger JJ, Hohnloser SH, Huikuri HV, Kaab S, La Rovere MT, Malik M, Myerburg RJ, Simoons ML, Swedberg K, Tijssen J, Voors AA, Wilde AA. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future. Eur Heart J 2014;35(25):1642-51. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Raphael C, Briscoe C, Davies J, Ian Whinnett Z, Manisty C, Sutton R, Mayet J, Francis DP. Limitations of the New York Heart Association functional classification system and self-reported walking distances in chronic heart failure. Heart 2007;93(4):476-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Stecker EC, Vickers C, Waltz J, Socoteanu C, John BT, Mariani R, McAnulty JH, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Population-Based Analysis of Sudden Cardiac Death With and Without Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47(6):1161-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Narayanan K, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Chugh H, Marijon E, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Frequency and Determinants of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Deployment Among Primary Prevention Candidates With Subsequent Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Community. Circulation 2013;128(16):1733-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Chugh SS, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Reinier K, Mariani R, Gunson K, Jui J. Women Have a Lower Prevalence of Structural Heart Disease as a Precursor to Sudden Cardiac Arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54(22):2006-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Daubert JP, Zareba W, Cannom DS, McNitt S, Rosero SZ, Wang P, Schuger C, Steinberg JS, Higgins SL, Wilber DJ, Klein H, Andrews ML, Hall WJ, Moss AJ. Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks in MADIT II. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51(14):1357-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Wilkoff BL, Williamson BD, Stern RS, Moore SL, Lu F, Lee SW, Birgersdotter-Green UM, Wathen MS, Van Gelder IC, Heubner BM, Brown ML, Holloman KK. Strategic Programming of Detection and Therapy Parameters in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Reduces Shocks in Primary Prevention Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(7):541-50. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. van Rees JB, Borleffs CJW, de Bie MK, Stijnen T, van Erven L, Bax JJ, Schalij MJ. Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57(5):556-62. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Ruwald A-CH, Sood N, Ruwald MH, Jons C, Clyne CA, Mcnitt S, Wang P, Zareba W, Moss AJ. Frequency of Inappropriate Therapy in Patients Implanted with Dual- Versus Single-Chamber ICD Devices in the ICD Arm of MADIT-CRT: Inappropriate Therapy in Single Versus Dual Chamber. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013;24(6):672-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Wilkoff BL, Fauchier L, Stiles MK, Morillo CA, Al-Khatib SM, Almendral J, Aguinaga L, Berger RD, Cuesta A, Daubert JP, Dubner S, Ellenbogen KA, Mark Estes NA 3rd, Fenelon G, Garcia FC, Gasparini M, Haines DE, Healey JS, Hurtwitz JL, Keegan R, Kolb C, Kuck KH, Marinskis G, Martinelli M, McGuire M, Molina LG, Okumura K, Proclemer A, Russo AM, Singh JP, Swerdlow CD, Teo WS, Uribe W, Viskin S, Wang CC, Zhang S. 2015 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on optimal implantable cardioverter-defibrillator programming and testing. Heart Rhythm 2016;13(2):e50-86. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Stiles MK, Fauchier L, Morillo CA, Wilkoff BL, ESC Scientific Document Group, Boveda S, Gold MR, Keegan R, Kutyifa V, Lau C-P, McGuire MA, Mulpuru SK, Slotwiner DJ, Uribe W. 2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS focused update to 2015 expert consensus statement on optimal implantable cardioverter-defibrillator programming and testing. EP Eur 2019;21(9):1442-3. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Ananwattanasuk T, Tanawuttiwat T, Chokesuwattanaskul R, Lathkar-Pradhan S, Barham W, Oral H, Thakur RK, Jongnarangsin K. Programming implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in primary prevention: Guideline concordance and outcomes. Heart Rhythm 2020;17(7):1101-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Dagres N, Peek N, Leclercq C, Hindricks G. The PROFID project. Eur Heart J 2020;41(39):3781-2. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content