Palabras clave
sistema agro-alimentario
Cucurbita
Phaseolus
Zea
Cómo citar
Plaudit
Resumen
El núcleo del sistema alimentario precerámico en el occidente de Mesoamérica se pudo integrar con las poblaciones silvestres ancestrales del maíz, el frijol y la calabaza. El manejo agrícola incipiente de estas especies, año tras año, en un mismo sitio pudo derivar en la estructuración del sistema agroalimentario conocido como “milpa”. En este trabajo intentamos responder: 1. ¿Cómo y cuándo se pudo integrar el sistema agroalimentario de milpa?; 2. ¿Qué grupos culturales humanos lo pudieron conformar?; 3. ¿Pudo ser posible la domesticación de las poblaciones silvestres del maíz, las calabazas y los frijoles en varios sitios de América?, 4. ¿A través de qué rutas y cuándo se pudieron difundir estos cultivos? Integramos evidencias paleo-ecológicas arqueológicas, etnobotánicas y genético-moleculares; analizamos el significado de la domesticación y la importancia de estudiar la dinámica evolutiva de los complejos poblacionales silvestre-domesticado de las especies cultivadas en la milpa y puntualizamos los retos, amenazas y oportunidades para sus recursos genéticos. El núcleo del sistema agroalimentario Milpa se estructuró con especies de la selva baja caducifolia hace cerca de 9,000 años. El maíz pudo arribar a Panamá, Ecuador y Perú hace 7,400-6,500 años. Las poblaciones silvestres ancestrales de las calabazas y los frijoles pudieron ser domesticadas tanto en Mesoamérica como en Suramérica. Para las plantas, la domesticación significó su dependencia de los humanos, y para los humanos un alto costo social no valorado actualmente. El estudio de la dinámica evolutiva de los complejos poblacionales de la milpa nos ayuda a desarrollar estrategias de conservación y restauración, y a establecer los riesgos de escape de genes domésticos y transgenes. Los recursos fitogenéticos de la milpa enfrentan grandes amenazas a raíz de los cambios sociales y económicos provocados por la globalización de los mercados. Sin embargo, constituyen una herramienta fundamental para enfrentar el cambio climático.
Citas
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Derechos de autor 2017 Daniel Zizumbo-Villarreal,, Patricia Colunga-GarcíaMarín