Cognitive antecedents of emotions Findings and future directions

KAORI KARASAWA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.37.40

Cognitive antecedents of emotions

Findings and future directions

KAORI KARASAWA

Author information

Keywords: emotion, cognitive appraisal theories, cognitive appraisal dimensions

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1995 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 40-55

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.37.40

Details

Published: February 21, 1995 Received: December 24, 1993 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: July 02, 1994 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Cognitive theories of emotion contend that people's appraisal or interpretation of events or circumstances determines the quality of emotion. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical work attempting to identify cognitive antecedents of emotions. Comparisons of dimensions proposed by Scherer, Roseman, Smith and Ellsworth, Manstead and Tetlock, Frijda, Reisenzein and Hofmann, Weiner, and Lazarus reveal that there are five major appraisal dimensions: Pleasantness, Expectedness/Certainty, Causation, Coping Potential, and Importance. It is argued that future studies need to (a) refine the conceptual definition of the dimensions, (b) identify minor dimensions that account for the differences among similar emotions, (c) examine the importance of social relationship dimensions, (d) incorporate individual differences in appraisal patterns, and (e) extend their theoretical framework from cognitive aspects to the whole system of emotion. It is also suggested that the cognitive theories have much to contribute to the study of communicative function as well as cultural aspects of emotion.
Right : Cognitive theories of emotion contend that people's appraisal or interpretation ofevents or circumstances determines the quality of emotion. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical work attempting to identify cognitive antecedents of emotions. Comparisons of dimensions proposed by Scherer, Roseman, Smith and Ellsworth, Manstead and Tetlock, Frijda, Reisenzein and Hofmann, Weiner, and Lazarus reveal that there are five major appraisal dimensions: Pleasantness, Expectedness/Certainty, Causation, Coping Potential, and Importance. It is argued that future studies need to (a) refine the conceptual definition of the dimensions, (b) identify minor dimensions that account for the differences among similar emotions, (c) examine the importance of social relationship dimensions, (d) incorporate individual differences in appraisal patterns, and (e) extend their theoretical framework from cognitive aspects to the whole system of emotion. It is also suggested that he cognitive theories have much to contribute to the study of communicative function as well as cultural aspects of emotion.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Arnold, M. B. 1960 Emotion and personality. (Vol. 1 & 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Berlyne. O. E. 1960 Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Brown, J., & Weiner, B. 1984 Affective consequences of ability versus effort ascriptions: Controversies, resolutions, and quandaries. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 146-158.
Ekman, P. (Ed.) 1982 Emotion in the human face. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. 1975 Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizirng emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988a From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271-302.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988b Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisals differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 301-331.
Fehr, B., & Russel, J. A. 1984 Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486.
Frijda, N, H. 1986 The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Frijda, N. H. 1987 Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 115-143.
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Shure, E. 1989 Relations among emotion, appraisal and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
Graham, S. 1984 Communicated sympathy and anger to black and white children: The cognitive (attributional) consequences of affective cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 40-54.
Hebb, D. O. 1946 On the nature of fear. Psychological Review, 53, 256-276.
Izard, C. E. 1977 Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. 1993 Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 68-90.
Kemper, T. D. 1978 A social interactional theory of emotions. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. 1994 Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. American Psychological Association.
Lazarus, R. S. 1991 Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S., Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. 1980 Emotions: A cognitive-phenomenological analysis. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 189-217.
Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. 1988 Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-emotion relationship. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 281-300.
Lewis, M., & Goldberg, S. 1969 Perceptual-cognitive development in infancy: A generalized expectancy model as a function of mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 15, 81-100.
Manstead, A. S. R., & Tetlock, P. E. 1989 Cognitive appraisals and emotional experience: Further evidence. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 225-240.
Matsumoto. D. 1987 The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: More methodological problems and a meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 769-774.
Mauro. R., Sato. K., & Tucker, J. 1992 The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 62, 310-317.
Plutchik. R. 1980 A general psychevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion. New York: AcademicPress. Pp. 245-270.
Reisenzein. R., & Hofmann. T. 1990 An investigation of dimensions of cognitive appraisal in emotion using the Repertory Grid Technique. Motivation and Emotion. 14, 1-26.
Roseman, I. J. 1984 Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychologty: Vol. 5. Emotions. relationships and health. Beverly Hills. Ca: Sage. Pp. 11-36.
Roseman, I. J. 1991 Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5. 161-200.
Roseman, I. L. Spindel. M. S., & Jose, P. E. 1990 Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 59, 899-915.
Russell, J. A. 1980 A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
Scherer, K. R. 1982 Emotion as process: Function, origin and regulation. Social Science Information, 21, 555-570.
Scherer, K. R. 1984a On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. E. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp. 293-318.
Scherer, K. R. 1984b Emotion as a milticomponent process: A model with some cross-cultural data. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology. Vol. 5. Emotions, relationships and health. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage. Pp. 11-36.
Schlosberg, H. 1954 Three dimensions of emotions. Psychological Review, 61, 81-88.
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Conner, C. 1987 Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52. 1061-1986.
Smith, C. A. 1989 Dimensions of appraisal and physiological responses in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 339-353.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. 1985 Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813-838.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. 1987 Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52, 475-488.
Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. H., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. 1993 In search of the “hot” cognitions: Attributions, appraisals and their relation to emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 916-929.
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S 1993 Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233-269.
Weiner, B. 1986 An attribution theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Weiner, B., Graham, S., & Chandler, C. 1982 Pity, anger, and guilt: An attributional analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 226-232.
Weiner, B., & Litman-Adizes, T. 1980 An attributional, expectancy-value analysis of learned helplessness and depression. In J. Gerver & M. E. Selgman (Eds.), Human helplessness. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 35-58.
Weiner, B., Russel, D., & Lerman, D. 1978 Affective consequences of causal ascriptions. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp. 59-88.
Weiner. B., Russel, D., & Lerman, D. 1979 The cognition-emotion process in achievement-related contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1211-1220.
Wierzbicka, A. 1986 Human emotions: Universal or culture-specific? American Anthropologist, 88, 584-594.
Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., & Inglehart, M. 1989 Feeling and facial difference: Implication of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Review, 96, 395-416

Right : Arnold, M. B. 1960 Emotion and personality, (Vol, I & 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Berlvne, O. E. 1960 Conflict, arousal and curinsir, New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Brown, J., & Weiner, B. 1984 Affective consequences of ability versus effort ascriptions: Controversies, resolutions, and quandaries. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 146-158.
Ekman, P.(Ed.) 1982 Emotion in the human face. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. 1975 Unmasking the face:, A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988a From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271-302.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988b Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisals differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 301-331.
Fehr, B., & Russel, J. A. 1984 Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486.
Frijda, N. H. 1986 The emotions. New York: cambridge University Press.
Frijda, N. H. 1987 Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 115-143.
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Shure, E. 1989 Relations among emotion, appraisal and emotional action readiness. Journal of-Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
Graham, S. 1984 Communicated sympathy and anger to black and white children: The cognitive (attributional) consequences of affective cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 40-54.
Hehh, D. O. 1946 On the nature of fear. Psvrhologieal Review, 53, 256-276.
lzard, C. F. 1977 Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. 1993 Four systems for emotion activation. Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Reriew, 100, 68-90.
Kemper, T. D. 1978 A av u, l mitt ratuonal theory of emotions, New York: Wiley & Sons. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. 1994 Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. American Psychological Association.
Lazarus, R. S. 1991 Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S., Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. 1980 Emotions: A cognitive-phenomenological analysis. In R.Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emtion: Theory, research and experience: Vol.1. Theories of emotion. New York: Academic Press. Pp.189-217.
Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. 1988 Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-emotion relationship. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 281-300.
Lewis, M., & Goldberg, S. 1969 Perceptual-cognitive development in infancy: A generalized expectancy model as a function of mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 15, 81-1 00.
Manstead, A. S. R., & Tetlock, P. E. 1989 Cognitive appraisals and emotional experience: Further evidence. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 225-240.
Matsumoto. D. 1987 The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: More methodological problems and a meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 769-774.
Mauro. R., Sato, K. & Tucker, J. 1992 The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Personulirt and Social Psychology, 62.310-317.
Plutchik. R. 1980 A general pstcheeolulionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.). F., r.ot., Theory, re arch and experi enc e: Vol.1. Theories of emotion. New York: Academic Press. Pp.15-270.
Reisenzein. R. & Hofmann, T. 1990 An investigation of dimensions of cognitive appraisal in emotion using the Repertory Grid Technique. Shnixation and Emotion. 14, 1-26.
Roseman. I. J. 1974 Cognitive determinants of emotion: A theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and sncial psvcholoy. Vol.5. Emotion, relationships and health. Beverly Hills. Ca: Sage. Pp.11-36.
Roseman, I. J. 1991 Appraisal determinants of discrete emotion. Cognitiorn and Emotion, 5. 161-200.
Roseman, I. L, Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. 1990 Appraisals of emotion-eliciting event.: Testing a theory cif discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Pscchology, 59, 899-915.
Russell, J. A. 1980 A circumplex model of affec. Journal of Personality curd Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
Scherer, K. R. 1982 Emotion as process: Function, origin and regulation. Social Science Information, 21. 555-570.
Scherer, K. R. 1984a On the nature and function of emotion: A component proces. approach. In K.R.Stherer & P.E. Ekman (Eds). Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Frlbaum Associates. Pp.293-318.
Scherer, K. R. 1984b Emotion as a milticomponent process: A model with some cross-cultural data. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Rerieu of personality and social psychology: Vol.5. Emotions, relationships and health. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage. Pp.11-36.
Schlosberg, H. 1954 Three dimensions of emotions. Psychological Review, 61. 81-88.
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O Conner, C. 1987 Emotion knowledge. Further exploration of a prototype approach. Jnurnal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1980.
Smith, C. A. 1989 Dimensions of ;appraisal and physiological responses in emotion. Journal of Per, Sonaliry and Social Psychology, 56, 339-353.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. 1985 Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Pstchology, 48, 813-838.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. 1987 Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52. 475-488.
Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. H., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. 1993 In search of the “hot” cognitions: Attribution., appraisals and their relation to emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 916-929.
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. 1993 Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233-269.
Weiner, B. 1986 An attribution theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Weiner, B., Graham, S., & Chandler, C. 1982 Pity, anger, and guilt: An attributional analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 226-232.
Weiner, B. & Litman-Adizes, T. 1980 An attributional, expectancy-value analysis of learned helplessness and depression. In J.Gerver & M. F. Selgntan (Eds.), Human helplessness. New York: Academic Press. Pp.35-58.
Weiner, B., Russel, D., & Lerman, D. 1978 Affective consequences of causal tscriptions. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution r-eseorth. Vol.2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlhaum Associates. Pp, 59-88.
Weiner. B., Russel, D., & Lerman, D. 1979 The cognition-emotion process in achievement-related contexts. Journal of Personality ality rrnd Social Psychology, 37, 1211-1220.
Wierzbicka, A. 1986 Human emotions: Universal or culture-sperific? American Antlrropolo, iisl, 88, 584-594.
Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., & Inglehart, M. 1989 Feeling and facial difference: Implication of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Realm, 96, 395-416.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Cognitive theories of emotion contend that people's appraisal or interpretation ofevents or circumstances determines the quality of emotion. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical work attempting to identify cognitive antecedents of emotions. Comparisons of dimensions proposed by Scherer, Roseman, Smith and Ellsworth, Manstead and Tetlock, Frijda, Reisenzein and Hofmann, Weiner, and Lazarus reveal that there are five major appraisal dimensions: Pleasantness, Expectedness/Certainty, Causation, Coping Potential, and Importance. It is argued that future studies need to (a) refine the conceptual definition of the dimensions, (b) identify minor dimensions that account for the differences among similar emotions, (c) examine the importance of social relationship dimensions, (d) incorporate individual differences in appraisal patterns, and (e) extend their theoretical framework from cognitive aspects to the whole system of emotion. It is also suggested that he cognitive theories have much to contribute to the study of communicative function as well as cultural aspects of emotion.
Right : Cognitive theories of emotion contend that people's appraisal or interpretation of events or circumstances determines the quality of emotion. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical work attempting to identify cognitive antecedents of emotions. Comparisons of dimensions proposed by Scherer, Roseman, Smith and Ellsworth, Manstead and Tetlock, Frijda, Reisenzein and Hofmann, Weiner, and Lazarus reveal that there are five major appraisal dimensions: Pleasantness, Expectedness/Certainty, Causation, Coping Potential, and Importance. It is argued that future studies need to (a) refine the conceptual definition of the dimensions, (b) identify minor dimensions that account for the differences among similar emotions, (c) examine the importance of social relationship dimensions, (d) incorporate individual differences in appraisal patterns, and (e) extend their theoretical framework from cognitive aspects to the whole system of emotion. It is also suggested that the cognitive theories have much to contribute to the study of communicative function as well as cultural aspects of emotion.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Arnold, M. B. 1960 Emotion and personality, (Vol, I & 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Berlvne, O. E. 1960 Conflict, arousal and curinsir, New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Brown, J., & Weiner, B. 1984 Affective consequences of ability versus effort ascriptions: Controversies, resolutions, and quandaries. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 146-158.
Ekman, P.(Ed.) 1982 Emotion in the human face. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. 1975 Unmasking the face:, A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988a From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271-302.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988b Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisals differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 301-331.
Fehr, B., & Russel, J. A. 1984 Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486.
Frijda, N. H. 1986 The emotions. New York: cambridge University Press.
Frijda, N. H. 1987 Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 115-143.
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Shure, E. 1989 Relations among emotion, appraisal and emotional action readiness. Journal of-Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
Graham, S. 1984 Communicated sympathy and anger to black and white children: The cognitive (attributional) consequences of affective cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 40-54.
Hehh, D. O. 1946 On the nature of fear. Psvrhologieal Review, 53, 256-276.
lzard, C. F. 1977 Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. 1993 Four systems for emotion activation. Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Reriew, 100, 68-90.
Kemper, T. D. 1978 A av u, l mitt ratuonal theory of emotions, New York: Wiley & Sons. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. 1994 Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. American Psychological Association.
Lazarus, R. S. 1991 Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S., Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. 1980 Emotions: A cognitive-phenomenological analysis. In R.Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emtion: Theory, research and experience: Vol.1. Theories of emotion. New York: Academic Press. Pp.189-217.
Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. 1988 Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-emotion relationship. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 281-300.
Lewis, M., & Goldberg, S. 1969 Perceptual-cognitive development in infancy: A generalized expectancy model as a function of mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 15, 81-1 00.
Manstead, A. S. R., & Tetlock, P. E. 1989 Cognitive appraisals and emotional experience: Further evidence. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 225-240.
Matsumoto. D. 1987 The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: More methodological problems and a meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 769-774.
Mauro. R., Sato, K. & Tucker, J. 1992 The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Personulirt and Social Psychology, 62.310-317.
Plutchik. R. 1980 A general pstcheeolulionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.). F., r.ot., Theory, re arch and experi enc e: Vol.1. Theories of emotion. New York: Academic Press. Pp.15-270.
Reisenzein. R. & Hofmann, T. 1990 An investigation of dimensions of cognitive appraisal in emotion using the Repertory Grid Technique. Shnixation and Emotion. 14, 1-26.
Roseman. I. J. 1974 Cognitive determinants of emotion: A theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and sncial psvcholoy. Vol.5. Emotion, relationships and health. Beverly Hills. Ca: Sage. Pp.11-36.
Roseman, I. J. 1991 Appraisal determinants of discrete emotion. Cognitiorn and Emotion, 5. 161-200.
Roseman, I. L, Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. 1990 Appraisals of emotion-eliciting event.: Testing a theory cif discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Pscchology, 59, 899-915.
Russell, J. A. 1980 A circumplex model of affec. Journal of Personality curd Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
Scherer, K. R. 1982 Emotion as process: Function, origin and regulation. Social Science Information, 21. 555-570.
Scherer, K. R. 1984a On the nature and function of emotion: A component proces. approach. In K.R.Stherer & P.E. Ekman (Eds). Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Frlbaum Associates. Pp.293-318.
Scherer, K. R. 1984b Emotion as a milticomponent process: A model with some cross-cultural data. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Rerieu of personality and social psychology: Vol.5. Emotions, relationships and health. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage. Pp.11-36.
Schlosberg, H. 1954 Three dimensions of emotions. Psychological Review, 61. 81-88.
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O Conner, C. 1987 Emotion knowledge. Further exploration of a prototype approach. Jnurnal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1980.
Smith, C. A. 1989 Dimensions of ;appraisal and physiological responses in emotion. Journal of Per, Sonaliry and Social Psychology, 56, 339-353.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. 1985 Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Pstchology, 48, 813-838.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. 1987 Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52. 475-488.
Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. H., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. 1993 In search of the “hot” cognitions: Attribution., appraisals and their relation to emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 916-929.
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. 1993 Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233-269.
Weiner, B. 1986 An attribution theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Weiner, B., Graham, S., & Chandler, C. 1982 Pity, anger, and guilt: An attributional analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 226-232.
Weiner, B. & Litman-Adizes, T. 1980 An attributional, expectancy-value analysis of learned helplessness and depression. In J.Gerver & M. F. Selgntan (Eds.), Human helplessness. New York: Academic Press. Pp.35-58.
Weiner, B., Russel, D., & Lerman, D. 1978 Affective consequences of causal tscriptions. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution r-eseorth. Vol.2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlhaum Associates. Pp, 59-88.
Weiner. B., Russel, D., & Lerman, D. 1979 The cognition-emotion process in achievement-related contexts. Journal of Personality ality rrnd Social Psychology, 37, 1211-1220.
Wierzbicka, A. 1986 Human emotions: Universal or culture-sperific? American Antlrropolo, iisl, 88, 584-594.
Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., & Inglehart, M. 1989 Feeling and facial difference: Implication of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Realm, 96, 395-416.

Right : Arnold, M. B. 1960 Emotion and personality,(Vol.1 & 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Berlyne, O. E. 1960 Conflict, arousal and curiosity, New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Brown, J., & Weiner, B. 1984 Affective consequences of ability versus effort ascriptions: Controversies, resolutions, and quandaries. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 146-158.
Ekman, P.(Ed.) 1982 Emotion in the human face. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. 1975 Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988a From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271-302.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. 1988b Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisals differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 301-331.
Fehr, B., & Russel, J. A. 1984 Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486.
Frijda, N. H. 1986 The emotions. New York: cambridge University Press.
Frijda, N. H. 1987 Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 115-143.
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Shure, E. 1989 Relations among emotion, appraisal and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
Graham, S. 1984 Communicated sympathy and anger to black and white children: The cognitive (attributional) consequences of affective cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 40-54.
Hebb, D. O. 1946 On the nature of fear. Psychological Review, 53, 256-276.
Izard, C. E. 1977 Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. 1993 Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 68-90.
Kemper, T. D. 1978 A social interactional theory of emotions, New York: Wiley & Sons.
Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. 1994 Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. American Psychological Association.
Lazarus, R. S. 1991 Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S., Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. 1980 Emotions: A cognitive-phenomenological analysis. In R.Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience: Vol.1. Theories of emotion. New York: Academic Press. Pp.189-217.
Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. 1988 Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-emotion relationship. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 281-300.
Lewis, M., & Goldberg, S. 1969 Perceptual-cognitive development in infancy: A generalized expectancy model as a function of mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 15, 81-100.
Manstead, A. S. R., & Tetlock, P. E. 1989 Cognitive appraisals and emotional experience: Further evidence. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 225-240.
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Abstract

Cognitive theories of emotion contend that people's appraisal or interpretation of events or circumstances determines the quality of emotion. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical work attempting to identify cognitive antecedents of emotions. Comparisons of dimensions proposed by Scherer, Roseman, Smith and Ellsworth, Manstead and Tetlock, Frijda, Reisenzein and Hofmann, Weiner, and Lazarus reveal that there are five major appraisal dimensions: Pleasantness, Expectedness/Certainty, Causation, Coping Potential, and Importance. It is argued that future studies need to (a) refine the conceptual definition of the dimensions, (b) identify minor dimensions that account for the differences among similar emotions, (c) examine the importance of social relationship dimensions, (d) incorporate individual differences in appraisal patterns, and (e) extend their theoretical framework from cognitive aspects to the whole system of emotion. It is also suggested that the cognitive theories have much to contribute to the study of communicative function as well as cultural aspects of emotion.

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