This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
CFD Analysis and Knock Prediction into Crevices of Piston to Liner Fireland of an High Performance ICE
Technical Paper
2019-24-0006
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The paper aims at defining a methodology for the prediction and understanding of knock tendency in internal combustion engine piston crevices by means of CFD simulations. The motivation for the analysis comes from a real design requirement which appeared during the development of a new high performance SI unit: it is in fact widely known that, in high performance engines (especially the turbocharged ones), the high values of pressure and temperature inside the combustion chamber during the engine cycle may cause knocking phenomena. “Standard” knock can be easily recognized by direct observation of the in-cylinder measured pressure trace; it is then possible to undertake proper actions and implement design and control improvements to prevent it with relatively standard 3D-CFD analyses. Some unusual types of detonation may occur somewhere else in the combustion chamber: knocking inside piston/liner crevices belongs to the latter category and damages on the piston top land (very similar to pitting) are one of the evidence of knock onset in this region. The very localized regions of damage onset, the cycle to cycle variability and the very short duration of the phenomena do not allow to obtain fully reliable experimental data concerning the investigated problem. A new methodology is therefore implemented in CFD to drive the root causes identification and understanding the impact of crevice design. A preliminary CFD 3D in-cylinder analysis is performed, in order to understand the criticalities in the piston to liner fireland due to local pressure and temperature temporal evolution. Then a “model reduction” is proposed, which is necessary in order to study the problem with reasonable computational costs and times. A 2D simplified model is developed which is able to maintain the possibility to correctly represent the local thermo fluid dynamic effects, especially the auto-ignition conditions. Finally, new geometries are studied in order to prevent local knocking and retard auto-ignition such to improve the KLSA.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Rosetti, A., Iotti, C., Bedogni, A., Cantore, G. et al., "CFD Analysis and Knock Prediction into Crevices of Piston to Liner Fireland of an High Performance ICE," SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0006, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0006.Also In
References
- Wang , Z. , Liu , H. , and Reitz , R. D. Knocking Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 61 78 112 2017
- Zhen , X. , Wang , Y. , Xu , S. , Zhu , Y. et al. The Engine Knock Analysis - An Overview Applied Energy 92 628 636 2012
- Alagumalai , A. Internal Combustion Engines: Progress and Prospects Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38 561 571 2014
- Heywood , J. Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals New York McGraw-Hill Education 1988
- Wang , Z. , Wang , Y. , and Reitz , R. D. Pressure Oscillation and Chemical Kinetics Coupling during Knock Processes in Gasoline Engine Combustion Energy & Fuels 26 12 7107 7119 2012
- Kalghatgi , G. Developments in Internal Combustion Engines and Implication for Combustion Science and Future Transport Fuel Proceeding of Combustion Institute 35 1 101 115 2015
- Kalghatgi , G. and Bradley , D. Pre-Ignition and ‘Super Knock’ in Turbo-Charged Spark Ignition Engines International Journal of Engine Research 13 399 414 2012
- Kalghatgi , G. Fuel Anti-Knock Quality -Part 2. Vehicle Studies - How Relevant Is Motor Octane Number MON in Current Engines? SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3585 2001 10.4271/2001-01-3585
- Mingzhang P. , Haiqiao W. , Dengquan F. , Jiaying P. , Rong H. , Jinyang L. Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics and Emission Performance of 2-Phenylethanol Addition in a Downsized Gasoline Engine Energy 163 894 904 2018 0360-5442
- Berni , F. , Breda , S. , d’Adamo , A. , and Fontanesi , S. Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Water/Methanol Injection as Knock Suppressor to Increase the Fuel Efficiency of a Highly Downsized GDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2499 2015 10.4271/2015-24-2499
- Peters , N. , Kerschgens , B. , and Paczko , G. Super-Knock Prediction Using a Refined Theory of Turbulence SAE International Journal of Engines 6 953 996 2013 10.4271/2013-01-1109
- Luisi , S. , Doria , V. , Stroppiana , A. , Millo , F. , and Mirzaeian , M. Experimental Investigation on Early and Late Intake Valve Closures for Knock Mitigation through Miller Cycle in a Downsized Turbocharged Engine SAE Technical Paper, 2015-01-0760 2015 10.4271/2015-01-0760
- Teodosio , L. , Pirrello , D. , Berni , F. et al. Impact of Intake Valve Strategies on Fuel Consumption and Knock Tendency of a Spark Ignition Engine Applied Energy 216 91 104 2018
- Vafamehr , H. , Cairns , A. , Sampson , O. et al. The Competing Chemical and Physical Effects of Transient Fuel Enrichment on Heavy Knock in an Optical Spark Ignition Engine Applied Energy 179 687 697 2016
- Battistoni , M. , Grimaldi , C. , Cruccolini , V. , Discepoli , G. et al. Assessment of Port Water Injection Strategies to Control Knock in a GDI Engine through Multi-Cycle CFD Simulations SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0034 2017 10.4271/2017-24-0034
- Liu , H. , Wang , Z. , Long , Y. , and Wang , J. Dual Fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) Combustion Fuelled with Different Alcohols and Gasoline for Fuel Efficiency Fuel 157 255 260 2015
- Breda , S. , D'Adamo , A. , Fontanesi , S. , D'Orrico , F. et al. Numerical Simulation of Gasoline and N-Butanol Combustion in an Optically Accessible Research Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10 1 32 55 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0546
- Zhu , S. , Hu , B. , Akehurst , S. , Copeland , C. , Lewis , A. , Yuan , H. , Kennedy , I. , Bernards , J. , Branney , C. A Review of Water Injection Applied on the Internal Combustion Engine Energy Conversion and Management 184 139 158 2019 0196-8904
- Alger , T. , Mangold , B. , Roberts , C. , and Gingrich , J. The Interaction of Fuel Anti-Knock Index and Cooled EGR on Engine Performance and Efficiency SAE International Journal of Engines 5 1229 1241 2015 10.4271/2012-01-1149
- Bozza , F. De Bellis , V. , Teodosio , L. Potentials of Cooled EGR and Water Injection for Knock Resistance and Fuel Consumption Improvements of Gasoline Engines Applied Energy 169 112 125 2016 0306-261
- Smith , P. , Wai Cheng , K. , and Heywood , J. Crevices Volume Effect on Spark Ignition Engine Efficiency SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2602 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2602
- Janas , P. , Ribeiro , M. D. , Kempf , A. , Schild , M. , and Kaiser , A. S. Penetration of the Flame into the Top-Land Crevice - Large Eddy Simulation and Experimental High-Speed Visualization SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1907 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1907
- Anand , K. , Ra , Y. , Reitz , R. D. , and Bunting , B. Surrogate Model Development for Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines Energy Fuels 25 4 1474 1484 2011
- Mehl , M. , Chen , J. Y. , Pitz , W. J. , Sarathy , S. M. , and Westbrook , C. K. An Approach for Formulating Surrogates for Gasoline with Application toward a Reduced Surrogate Mechanism for CFD Engine Modeling Energy and Fuels 25 5215 5223 2011
- Wu , Y. , Pal P. , Som , S. , and Lu , T. A Skeletal Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for Gasoline and Gasoline/Ethanol Blend Surrogates for Engine CFD Applications 10th International Conference on Chemical Kinetics May 2017
- Niemeyer , K. E. and Sung , C. Reduced Chemistry for a Gasoline Surrogate Valid at Engine-Relevant Conditions Energy Fuels 29 2 1172 1185 2015
- Kalghatgi , G. Auto-Ignition Quality of Practical Fuels and Implications for Fuel Requirements of Future SI and HCCI Engines SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0239 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0239
- Pera , C. and Knop , V. Methodology to Define Gasoline Surrogates Dedicated to Auto-Ignition in Engines Fuel 96 59 69 2012
- Fontanesi , S. , Paltrinieri , S. , D'Adamo , A. , Cantore , G. et al. Knock Tendency Prediction in a High Performance Engine Using LES and Tabulated Chemistry SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 98 118 2013 10.4271/2013-01-1082
- Breda , S. , D'Adamo , A. , Fontanesi , S. , Giovannoni , N. et al. CFD Analysis of Combustion and Knock in an Optically Accessible GDI Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 9 1 641 656 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0601
- d’Adamo , A. , Breda , S. , Fontanesi , S. , Irimescu , A. et al. A RANS Knock Model to Predict the Statistical Occurrence of Engine Knock Applied Energy 191 1 251 263 2017
- d'Adamo , A. , Breda , S. , Fontanesi , S. , and Cantore , G. A RANS-Based CFD Model to Predict the Statistical Occurrence of Knock in Spark-Ignition Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 9 1 618 630 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0581
- d'Adamo , A. , Breda , S. , Iaccarino , S. , Berni , F. et al. Development of a RANS-Based Knock Model to Infer the Knock Probability in a Research Spark-Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 10 3 722 739 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0551
- Andrae , J. C. G. and Head , R. A. HCCI Experiments with Gasoline Surrogate Fuels Modeled by a Semidetailed Chemical Kinetic Model Combustion and Flame 156 842 851 2009
- Morgan , N. , Smallbone , A. , Bhave , A. , Kraft , M. et al. Mapping Surrogate Gasoline Compositions into RON/MON Space Combustion and Flame 157 6 1122 1131 June 2010
- Livengood , J. C. and Wu , P. C. Proc. Combust. Inst. 5 347 356 1955
- Mehl , M. , Pitz , W. J. , Westbrook , C. K. , and Curran , H. J. Kinetic Modeling of Gasoline Surrogate Components and Mixtures under Engine Conditions Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33 193 200 2011
- Douaud , A. M. and Eyzat , P. Four-Octane-Number Method for Predicting the Anti-Knock Behavior of Fuels and Engines SAE Technical Paper 780080 1978 10.4271/780080
- Spelina , J. M. , Peyton Jones , J. C. , and Frey , J. Characterization of Knock Intensity Distributions: Part 1: Statistical Independence and Scalar Measures Proc Inst Mech Engineers, Part D: J Autom Eng 228 2 117 128 2014
- Spelina , J. M. , Peyton Jones , J. C. , and Frey , J. Characterization of Knock Intensity Distributions: Part 2: Parametric Models Proc Inst Mech Engineers, Part D: J Autom Eng 227 12 2013
- Lounici , M. S. , Benbellil , M. A. , Loubar , K. , Niculescu , D. C. , and Tazerout , M. Knock Characterization and Development of a New Knock Indicator for Dual-Fuel Engines Energy 141 2351 2361 2017 10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.138
- Vancoillie , J. , Sileghem , L. , and Verhelst , S. Development and Validation of a Quasi-Dimensional Model for Methanol and Ethanol Fueled SI Engines Appl Energy 132 412 425 2014
- Iaccarino , S. , Breda , S. , D'Adamo , A. , Fontanesi , S. et al. Numerical Simulation and Flame Analysis of Combustion and Knock in a DISI Optically Accessible Research Engine SAE Int J Engines 10 2 576 592 2017
- Chen , L. , Wei , H. , Chen , C. , Feng , D. et al. Numerical Investigations on the Effects of Turbulence Intensity on Knocking Combustion in a Downsized Gasoline Engine Energy 166 318 325 2019 10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.058
- Robert , A. , Richard , S. , Colin , O. , Martinez , L. , and De Francqueville , L. LES Prediction and Analysis of Knocking Combustion in a Spark Ignition Engine Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35 3 2941 2948 2015 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.154
- d'Adamo , A. , Breda , S. , and Cantore , G. Large-Eddy Simulation of Cycle-Resolved Knock in a Turbocharged SI Engine Energy Procedia 82 45 50 2015
- Misdariis , A. , Vermorel , O. , and Poinsot , T. LES of Knocking in Engines Using Dual Heat Transfer and Two-Step Reduced Schemes Combustion and Flame 162 11 4304 4312 2015 10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.07.023
- Linse , D. , Kleemann , A. , and Hasse , C. Probability Density Function Approach Coupled with Detailed Chemical Kinetics for the Prediction of Knock in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines Combust Flame 161 997 1014 2014
- d'Adamo , A. , Breda , S. , Berni , F. , and Fontanesi , S. The Potential of Statistical RANS to Predict Knock Tendency: Comparison with LES and Experiments on a Spark-Ignition Engine Applied Energy 249 126 142 2019 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.093
- Colin , O. and Benkenida , A. The 3-Zone Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z) for Computing Premixed/Diffusion Combustion Oil Gas Sci. Technol. - Rev. IFP 59 6 593 609 2004
- Malaguti , S. , Fontanesi , S. , Cantore , G. , Montanaro , A. , and Allocca , L. Modelling of Primary Breakup Process of a Gasoline Direct Engine Multi-Hole Spray Atomization and Sprays 23 10 861 888 2013 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2013005867
- von Kuensberg Sarre , C. , Kong , S. , and Reitz , R. Modeling the Effects of Injector Nozzle Geometry on Diesel Sprays SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0912 1999 10.4271/1999-01-0912
- Reitz , R. and Diwakar , R. Effect of Drop Breakup on Fuel Sprays SAE Technical Paper 860469 1986 10.4271/860469
- Berni , F. , Cicalese , G. , and Fontanesi , S. A Modified Thermal Wall Function for the Estimation of Gas-to-Wall Heat Fluxes in CFD In-Cylinder Simulations of High Performance Spark-Ignition Engines Applied Thermal Engineering 115 25 1045 1062 March 2017
- Cicalese , G. , Berni , F. , and Fontanesi , S. Integrated In-Cylinder / CHT Methodology for the Simulation of the Engine Thermal Field: An Application to High Performance Turbocharged DISI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 9 1 601 617 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0578
- Berni , F. , Fontanesi , S. , Cicalese , G. , and D'Adamo , A. Critical Aspects on the Use of Thermal Wall Functions in CFD In-Cylinder Simulations of Spark-Ignition Engines SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh. 10 2 547 561 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0569
- Fontanesi , S. and Giacopini , M. Multiphase CFD-CHT Optimization of the Cooling Jacket and FEM Analysis of the Engine Head of a V6 Diesel Engine Applied Thermal Engineering 52 2 293 303 April 15, 2013 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.12.005
- Fontanesi , S. , Cicalese , G. , D'Adamo , A. , and Pivetti , G. Validation of a CFD Methodology for the Analysis of Conjugate Heat Transfer in a High Performance SI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0132 2011 10.4271/2011-24-0132
- Fontanesi , S. , Cicalese , G. , Cantore , G. , and D'Adamo , A. Integrated In-Cylinder/CHT Analysis for the Prediction of Abnormal Combustion Occurrence in Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1151 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1151
- Rakopoulos , C. D. , Kosmadakis , G. M. , Dimaratos , A. M. , and Pariotis , E. G. Investigating the Effect of Crevices Flow on Internal Combustion Engines Using a New Simple Crevice Model Implemented in a CFD Code Applied Energy 88 111 126 2011