|
[1]
|
Fatusi, A.O. and Hindin, M.J. (2010) Adolescents and youth in developing countries: Health and development issues in context. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 499-508.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.019
|
|
[2]
|
WHO (2011) Adolescent health.
http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/
|
|
[3]
|
McCarthy, W.J., Mistry, R., Lu, Y., Patel, M., Zheng, H. and Dietsch, B. (2009) Density of tobacco retailers near schools: effects on tobacco use among students. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2006-2013.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145128
|
|
[4]
|
DuRant, R.H., Smith, J.A., Kreiter, S.R. and Krowchuk, D.P. (1999) The relationship between early age of onset of initial substance use and engaging in multiple health risk behaviors among young adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153, 286–291.
doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.3.286
|
|
[5]
|
WHO (2011) Global status report on alcohol and health. World Health Organization, Geneva.
|
|
[6]
|
Garretsen, H.F., Bongers, I.M., van Oers, J.A. and van de Goor, L.A. (1999) The development of alcohol consumption and problem drinking in Rotterdam 1980-1994: More problem drinking amongst the young and the middle aged. Alcohol, 34, 733-40. doi:10.1093/alcalc/34.5.733
|
|
[7]
|
Kim, J.H., Lee, S., Chow, J., Lau, J., Tsang, A., Choi, J. and Griffiths, S.M. (2008) Prevalence and the factors associated with binge drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence: A population-based study of Chinese adults in Hong Kong. Alcohol, 43, 360-370.
doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm181
|
|
[8]
|
Donovan, J.E. (2005) Problem behaviour theory. In: Flisher, C.B. and Lerner, R.M. Eds., Encyclopedia of Applied Development Science. 2nd Edition, Thousand Oaks, Sage, 872-877.
|
|
[9]
|
Bellis, M.A., Hughes, K., Calafat, A., Juan, M., Ramon, A., Rodriguez, J.A., Mendes, F., Schnitzer, S. and Phillips-Howard, P. (2008) Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs and the associated health risks: A cross sectional study of young people in nine European cities. BMC Public Health, 8, 155. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-155
|
|
[10]
|
Best, D., Rawaf, S., Rowley, J., Floyd, K., Manning, V. and Strang, J. (2000) Drinking and smoking as concurrent predictors of illicit drug use and positive drug attitudes in adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 60, 319-321.
doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00113-7
|
|
[11]
|
Stueve, A. and O’Donnell, L.N. (2005) Early alcohol initiation and subsequent sexual and alcohol risk behaviors among urban youths. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 887-893. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.026567
|
|
[12]
|
NIDA (2010) The science of addiction—Drugs, brains and behaviours. NIH Pub No. 10-5605.
|
|
[13]
|
Martin, J., Barry, J. and Skally, M. (2011) Alcohol attributable hospitalisations and costs in Ireland, 2000-2004. Irish Medical Journal, 104, 140-144.
|
|
[14]
|
Fekadu, A., Alena, A. and Hanlon, C. (2007) Alcohol and drug abuse in Ethiopia: Past, present and future. African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, 6, 39-53.
|
|
[15]
|
Kassaye, M., Sherief, H., Fissehaye, G. and Teklu, T. (1999) “Drug” use among high school students in Addis Ababa and Butajira. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 13, 101-106.
|
|
[16]
|
Carter, M., McGee, R., Taylor, B. and Williams, S. (2007) Health outcomes in adolescence: associations with family, friends and school engagement. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 51-62. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.04.002
|
|
[17]
|
Bishop, D.I., Weisgram, E.S., Holleque, K.M., Lund, K.E. and Wheeler-Anderson, J.R. (2005) Identity development and alcohol consumption: Current and retrospective selfreports by college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28, 523-533. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.10.007
|
|
[18]
|
Sychareun, V., Thomsen, S., Faxelid, E. (2011) Concurrent multiple health risk behaviors among adolescents in Luangnamtha province, Lao PDR. BMC Public Health, 11, 1-10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-36
|
|
[19]
|
Poelen, E.A.P., Scholte, R.H.J., Engels, R.C.M.E., Boomsmab, D.I. and Willemsen, G. (2005) Prevalence and trends of alcohol use and misuse among adolescents and young adults in the Netherlands from 1993 to 2000. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 79, 413-421.
doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.03.020
|
|
[20]
|
Ahlstrom, S.K. and Osterberg, E.L. (2005) International perspectives on adolescent and young adult drinking. Alcohol Research and Health, 28, 258-268.
doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-527
|
|
[21]
|
Bennett, L.A., Campillo, C., Chandrashekar, C.R. and Gureje, O. (1998) Alcoholic beverage consumption in India, Mexico, and Nigeria: A cross-cultural comparison. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22, 243-252.
|
|
[22]
|
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M.E., Blanco, J., Zambrano, J., Orozco, R., et al. (2007) Drug use opportunities and the transition to drug use among adolescents from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 90, 128-134.
doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.018
|
|
[23]
|
Andersen, A., Holstein, B.E. and Due, P. (2007) Schoolrelated risk factors for drunkenness among adolescents: Risk factors differ between socio-economic groups. European Journal of Public Health, 17, 27-32.
doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl071
|
|
[24]
|
Hung, C.C., Yen, L.L. and Wu, W.C. (2009) Association of parents’ alcohol use and family interaction with the initiation of alcohol use by sixth graders: A preliminary study in Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 9, 172.
doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-172
|
|
[25]
|
Fothergill, K.E. and Ensminger, M.E. (2006) Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: A longitudinal study. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 82, 61-76. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.009
|
|
[26]
|
Brooks, F.M., Magnusson, J., Spencer, N. and Morgan, A. (2012) Adolescent multiple risk behaviour: An asset approach to the role of family, school and community. Journal of Public Health (Oxford), 34, i48-i56.
doi:10.1093/pubmed/fds001
|
|
[27]
|
Becerra, D. and Castillo, J. (2011) Culturally protective parenting practices against substance use among adolescents in Mexico. Journal of Substance Use, 16, 136-149.
doi:10.3109/14659891.2010.518199
|
|
[28]
|
CSA (2012) Ethiopia statical annual abstarct 2011.
http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606
|
|
[29]
|
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (2008) Summary and statistical report of the 2007 population and housing census: Population size by age and sex. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Population Census Commission.
|
|
[30]
|
Addis Ababa Education Bureau (2010) Education statistics annual abstract 2008/09. Addis Ababa: Educational management information system (EMIS)—Study, plan and budget support process city government.
|
|
[31]
|
ESPAD (2008) Methodology.
http://www.espad.org/methodology
|
|
[32]
|
Berhane, Y. and Worku, A. (2007) Alcohol and Khat consumption and the association with HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment in Ethiopia: Final report. Addis Continental Institute of Public Health.
|
|
[33]
|
Reda, A., Moges, A., Wondmagegn, B. and Biadgilign, S. (2012) Alcohol drinking patterns among high school students in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12, 1-6. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-213
|
|
[34]
|
Rudatsikira, E., Maposa, D., Mukandavire, Z., Muula, A.S. and Siziya, S. (2009) Prevalence and predictors of illicit drug use among school-going adolescents in Harare, Zimbabwe. Annals of African Medicine, 8, 215-220.
doi:10.4103/1596-3519.59574
|
|
[35]
|
Chaveepojnkamjorn, W. and Pichainarong, N. (2011) Current drinking and health-risk behaviors among male high school students in central Thailand. BMC Public Health, 11, 233. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-233
|
|
[36]
|
Sturua, L., Baramidze, L., Gamkrelidze, A. and Galdava, G. (2010) Alcohol use in Georgian students; pilot study rigorously following criteria of European school project on alcohol and other drug. Georgian Medical News, 179, 52-61.
|
|
[37]
|
Shimane, T. and Wada, K. (2007) Substance use among night high school students in Japan. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi, 42, 152-164.
|
|
[38]
|
Miller, J.W., Naimi, T.S., Brewer, R.D. and Jones, S.E. (2007) Binge drinking and associated health risk behaveiors among high school students. Pediatrics, 119, 76-85.
doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1517
|
|
[39]
|
Alikasifoglu, M., Erginoz, E., Ercan, O., Uysal, O., Albayrak-Kaymak, D. and Ilter, O. (2004) Alcohol drinking behaviors among Turkish high school students. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 46, 44-53.
|
|
[40]
|
Chikere, E.I. and Mayowa, M.O. (2011) Prevalence and perceived health effect of alcohol use among male undergraduate students in Owerri, South-East Nigeria: A descriptive cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 11, 118. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-118
|
|
[41]
|
Siziya, S., Muula, A.S., Kazembe, L.N. and Rudatsikira, E. (2008) Harmful lifestyles’ clustering among sexually active in-school adolescents in Zambia. BMC Pediatrics, 8, 6. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-8-6
|
|
[42]
|
Minstry of Education (MoE) (2009) Ethiopia-education system.
http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/English/MOE/Information/Pages/Fact%20Sheets.aspx
|
|
[43]
|
Madu, S.N. and Matla, M.Q. (2003) Illicit drug use, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking behaviour among a sample of high school adolescents in the Pietersburg area of the Northern Province, South Africa. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 121-136.
doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00120-3
|
|
[44]
|
Ihunwo, A.O., Kayanja, F.I. and Amadi-Ihunwo, U.B. (2004) Use and perception of the psychostimulant, khat (Catha edulis) among three occupational groups in south western Uganda. East African Medical Journal, 81, 468-473. doi:10.4314/eamj.v81i9.9223
|
|
[45]
|
Gelaw, Y. and Haile-Amlak, A. (2004) Khat chewing and its socio-demographic correlates among the staff of Jimma University. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 18, 179-184.
|
|
[46]
|
Rudatsikira, E., Dondog, J., Siziya, S. and Muula, A.S. (2008) Prevalence and determinants of adolescent cigarette smoking in Mongolia. Singapore Medical Journal, 49, 57-62.
|
|
[47]
|
Denny, S.J., Robinson, E.M., Utter, J., Fleming, T.M., Grant, S., Milfont, T.L., et al. (2011) Do schools influence student risk-taking behaviors and emotional health symptoms? Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 259-267.
doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.06.020
|
|
[48]
|
Brian, K.B. and Joseph, A.O. (2004) Assessing the transitions to middle and high school. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 3-30. doi:10.1177/0743558403258113
|
|
[49]
|
Gnadt, B. (2006) Religiousness, current substance use, and early risk Indicators for substance abuse in nursing students. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 17, 151-158.
doi:10.1080/10884600600862103
|