Evolution of root canal sealers: An insight story

 

PDF Download Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Attainment of ideal root canal treatment comprises various essential factors such as proper instrumentation, biomechanical preparation, obturation, and ultimately depending upon the case, post-endodontic restoration. Main objective of the treatment is to get absolute rid of microbial entity and prevent any future predilection of re-infection. In order to achieve that, proper seal is required to cut down any chance of proliferation of bacteria and future occurrence of any pathology. Although gutta-percha has been the standard obturating material used in root canal treatment, it does not reinforce endodontically treated roots owing to its inability to achieve an impervious seal along the dentinal walls of the root canal. Gutta-percha does not from a monoblock even with the use of a resin-based sealer such as AH Plus because the sealer does not bind to gutta-percha. As a result, a monoblock is formed (consisting of Resilon core material, Resin sealer, bonding agent/primer, and dentin). Another reason of Resilon being a better obturating material could be that the removal of smear layer by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after biomechanical preparation may have allowed the root canal filling material and root canal sealers to contact the canal wall and penetrate in the dentinal tubules, which may increase the strength of roots. New silicone-based sealers like Roekoseal automix and the most recent GuttaFlow have some affirmative results regarding solubility and biocompatibility, as compared to other sealers. Methacrylate resin-based sealers and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based sealers have opened a new horizon for sealers.

Publication History

Article published online:
01 November 2021

© 2013. European Journal of General Dentistry. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

• References

• 1 Ingle JI. Ingle’s endodontics. 6 th ed.. Connecticut: Pmph USA Ltd; 2008.
• 2 Torabinejad M, Walton RE. Endodontics: Principles and practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 2009.
• 3 Schäfer E, Zandbiglari T. Solubility of root-canal sealers in water and artificial saliva. Int Endod J 2003;36:660-9.
• 4 Bouillaguet S, Shaw L, Barthelemy J, Krejci I, Wataha JC. Long-term sealing ability of pulp canal sealer, AH-Plus, GuttaFlow and epiphany. Int Endod J 2008;41:219-26.
• 5 Hammad M, Qualtrough A, Silikas N. Effect of new obturating material on vertical root fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. J Endod 2007;33:7332-6.
• 6 Teixeira FB, Teixeira EC, Thompson JY, Trope M. Fracture resistance of roots endodontically treated with a new resin filling material. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:646-52.
• 7 Hargreaves KM, Cohen S, Berman LH, Service S. Cohen’s pathways of the pulp. Mosby Elsevier; 2011.
• 8 Poggio C, Arciola CR, Dagna A, Colombo M, Bianchi S, Visai L. Solubility of root canal sealers: A comparative study. Int J Artif Organs 2011;33:676-81.
• 9 Camps J, Pommel L, Bukiet F, About I. Influence of the powder/liquid ratio on the properties of zinc oxide-eugenol-based root canal sealers. Dent Mater 2004;20:915-23.
• 10 Lerticheirakaran V, Timayam A, Messer HH. Effects of root canal sealers on vertical root fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. J Endod 2002;28:217-9.
• 11 Kwang-Won Lee MC, Williams BS, Camps JC, Pashley DH. Adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentin and gutta-percha. J Endod 2002;10:684-8.
• 12 Michaud RA, Burgess J, Barfield RD, Cakir D, McNeal SF, Eleazer PD. Volumetric expansion of gutta-percha in contact with eugenol. J Endod 2008;12:1528-32.
• 13 Chandrasekhar V, Morishetty PK, Metla SL, Raju RV. Expansion of Gutta-percha in Contact with Various Concentrations of Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Sealer: A Three-dimensional Volumetric Study. J Endod 2011;37:697-700.
• 14 Hug Fan M, Tai KW, Chou MY, Chang YC. Cytotoxicity of resin, zinc oxide eugenol and calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers on human periodontal ligament cells and permanent V79 cells. Int Endod J 2002;35:153-8.
• 15 Hashieh IA, Pommel L, Camps J. Concentration of eugenol apically released from zinc-oxide eugenol based sealers. J Endod 1999;24:713-5.
• 16 Upadhyay V, Upadhyay M, Panday RK, Chturvedi TP, Bajpai U. A SEM evaluation of dentinal adaptation of root canal obturation with GuttaFlow and conventional obturating material. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:1-6.
• 17 Barnett F, Trope M, Rooney J, Tronstad L. In vivo sealing ability of calcium hydroxide-containing root canal sealers. Endod Dent Traumatol 1989;5:23-6.
• 18 Arenholt-Bindslev D, Hørsted-Bindslev P. A simple model for evaluating relative toxicity of root filling materials in cultures of human oral fibroblasts. Endod Dent Traumatol 1989;5:219-26.
• 19 Ørstavik D. Antibacterial properties of endodontic materials. Int Endod J 1988;21:161-9.
• 20 Ørstavik D. Antibacterial properties of root canal sealers, cements and pastes. Int. Endod. J. 1981;14:125-33.
• 21 Shah PM, Chong BS, Sidhu SK, Ford TR. Radiopacity of potential root-end filling materials. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 1996;81:476-9.
• 22 Kontakiotis EG, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Effect of sealer thickness on long-term sealing ability: A 2-year follow-up study. Int. Endod. J. 1997;30:307-12.
• 23 El-Sayed F, Seite-Bellezza D, Sans B, Bayle-Lebey P, Marguery MC, Bazex J. Contact urticaria from formaldehyde in a root canal dental paste. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:353.
• 24 Brodin P. Neurotoxic and analgesic effects of root canal cements and pulp-protecting dental materials. Endod. Dent. Traumatol. 1988;4:1-11.
• 25 Roggendorf M. Bayerisches Zahnärzteblatt. Sept. München Germany, Bavarian Dental Journal 2004. p. 32-4.
• 26 McMichen FR, Pearson G, Rahbaran S, Gulabivala K. A comparative study of selected physical properties of five root-canal sealers. Int Endod J 2003;36:629-35.
• 27 Saleh IM, Ruyter IE, Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in infected dentinal tubules after root canal filling with different root canal sealers in vitro. Int Endod J 2004;37:193-8.
• 28 Kaplan AE, Picca M, Gonzalez MI, Macchi RL, Molgatini SL. Antimicrobial effect of six endodontic sealers: an in vitro evaluation. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999;15:42-5.
• 29 Cohen BI, Pagnillo MK, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Formaldehyde evaluation from endodontic materials. Oral Health 1998;88:37-9.
• 30 Azar NG, Heidari M, Bahrami ZS, Shokri F. In vitro cytotoxicity of a new epoxy resin root canal sealer. J Endod 2000;26:462-5.
• 31 Van Landuyt KL, Geebelen B, Shehata M, Furche SL, Durner J, Van Meerbeek B, et al. No Evidence for DNA Double-strand Breaks Caused by Endodontic Sealers. J Endod 2012;38:636-41.
• 32 Niloofar Azadi, Arzhang Fallahdoost, Payman Mehrvarzfar, Vahid Rakhshan. A four-week solubility assessment of AH-26 and four new root canal sealers. Dent Res J. 2012;9:31-5.
• 33 Franco EB, Lopes LG, D′Alpino PH, Pereira JC, Mondelli RF, Navarro MF. Evaluation of compatibility between different types of adhesives and dual-cured resin cement. J Adhes Dent 2002;4:271-5.
• 34 Pécora JD, Cussioli AL, Guerişoli DM, Marchesan MA, Sousa-Neto MD, Brugnera Júnior A. Evaluation of Er:YAG Laser and EDTAC on dentin adhesion of six endodontic sealers. Braz Dent J 2001;12:27-30.
• 35 Gogos C, Economides N, Stavrianos C, Kolokouris I, Kokorikos I. Adhesion of a new methacrylate resin-based sealer to human dentin. J Endod 2004;30:238-40.
• 36 Xu LL, Zhang L, Zhou XD, Wang R, Deng YH, Huang DM. Residual Filling Material in Dentinal Tubules after Gutta-percha Removal Observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy. J Endod 2012;38:293-6.
• 37 Jeanne Monteiro, Ida de Noronha de Ataide, Paul Chalakkal, and Pavan Kumar Chandra. In Vitro Resistance to Fracture of Roots Obturated with Resilon or Gutta-percha. J Endod 2011;37:828-31.
• 38 Pane ES, Palamara JE, Messer HH. Behaviour of resin-based endodontic sealer cements in thin and thick films. Dent Mater. 2012;28:150-9.
• 39 Bouillaguet S, Wataha JC, Tay FR, Brackett MG, Lockwood PE. Initial in vitro biological response to contemporary endodontic sealers. J. Endod. 2006;32:989-92.
• 40 Available from: http://www.guttaflow.com 2007. [Last accessed on 2012 Nov 22].
• 41 De-Deus G, Brandão MC, Fidel RA, Fidel SR. The sealing ability of GuttaFlow in oval-shaped canals: an ex vivo study using a polymicrobial leakage model. Int Endod J. 2007;40:794-9.
• 42 Nakashima K, Terata R. Effect of pH modified EDTA solution to the properties of dentin. J Endod 2005;31:47-9.
• 43 Kontakiotis EG, Tzanetakis GN, Loizides AL. A 12-month longitudinal in vitro leakage study on a new silicon-based root canal filling material (Gutta-Flow). Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2007;103:854-9.
• 44 Attal JP, Asmussen E, Degrange M. Effects of surface treatment on the free surface energy of dentin. Dent Mater 1994;10:259-64.
• 45 E. Kosti, T. Lambrianidis, N. Economides, and C. Neofitou, "Ex vivo study of the efficacy of H-files and rotary Ni-Ti instruments to remove gutta-percha and four types of sealer," International Endodontic Journal 2006;39:48-54.
• 46 Willershausen I, Callaway A, Briseño B, Willershausen B. In vitro analysis of the cytotoxicity and the antimicrobial effect of four endodontic sealers. Head Face Med 2011;7:15.
• 47 Camilleri J. Characterization of hydration products of mineral trioxide aggregate. International Endodontic Journal. 2008;41: 408-17.
• 48 Fridland M, Rosado R. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) solubility and porosity with different water-powder ratios. Journal of Endodontics. 2003;29:814-7.
• 49 Sarkar NK, Caicedo R, Ritwik P, Moiseyeva R, Kawashima I. Physicochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2005;31:97-100.
• 50 Gomes-Filho JE, Watanabe S, Bernabe PF, de Moraes Costa MTA. mineral trioxide aggregate sealer stimulated mineralization. Journal of Endodontics. 2009;35:256-60.
• 51 Monteiro Bramante C, Demarchi AC, de Moraes IG, Bernadineli N, Garcia RB, Spångberg LS, et al. Presence of arsenic in different types of MTA and white and gray Portland cement. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics 2008;106; 909-13.
• 52 Camilleri J, Montesin FE, Brady K, Sweeney R, Curtis RV, Ford TR. The constitution of mineral trioxide aggregate. Dent Mater. 2005;21:297-3.
• 53 Camilleri J. The physical properties of accelerated Portland cement for endodontic use. Int Endod J. 2008;41:151-7.
• 54 Camilleri J. Characterization and chemical activity of the Portland cement and two experimental cements with potential for use in dentistry. Int Endod J. 2008;41:791-9.
• 55 Camilleri J. Modification of MTA. Physical and mechanical properties. Int Endod J. 2008;41:843-9.
• 56 Camilleri J. Evaluation of selected properties of MTA sealer cement. J Endod. 2009;35;1412-7.
• 57 Huffman BP, Mai S, Pinna L, Weller RN, Primus CM, Gutmann JL, et al. Dislocation resistance of ProRoot Endo Sealer, a calcium silicate-based root canal sealer, from radicular dentine. Int Endod J 2009;41:34-46.
• 58 Gandolfi MG, Prati C. MTA and F-doped MTA cements used as sealers with warm gutta-percha. Long-term study of sealing ability. Int Endod J. 2010;43:889-901.
• 59 Weller RN, Tay KC, Garrett LV, Mai S, Primus CM, Gutmann JL, et al. Microscopic appearance and apical seal of root canals filled with gutta-percha and ProRoot Endo Sealer after immersion in a phosphate-containing fluid. International Endodontic Journal. 2008;41:977-86.
• 60 Salles LP, Gomes-Cornélio AL, Guimarães FC, Herrera BS, Bao SN, Rossa-Junior C, et al. Mineral trioxide aggregate-based endodontic sealer stimulates hydroxyapatite nucleation in human osteoblast-like cell culture. J Endod 2012;38:971-6.
• 61 Sagsen B, Ustün Y, Demirbuga S, Pala K. Push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers to root canal dentine. Int Endod J. 2011:44;1088-91.
• 62 Gomes-Filho JE, Watanabe S, Lodi CS, Cintra LT, Nery MJ, Filho JA, et al. Rat tissue reaction to MTA FILLAPEX. Dent Traumatol 2011;28:452-6.
• 63 Bortolini MC, Ferreira dos Santos SS, Habitante SM, Rodrigues JR, Vance R, Jorge AO. Endodontic sealers: Intratubular penetration and permeability to Enterococcus faecalis. 2010;21:40-43.
• 64 Morgental RD, Vier-Pelisser FV, Oliveira SD, Antunes FC, Cogo DM, Kopper PM. Antibacterial activity of two MTA-based root canal sealers. Int Endod J 2011;44:1128-33.
• 65 Bin CV, Valera MC, Camargo SE, Rabelo SB, Silva GO, Balducci I, et al. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Root Canal Sealers Based on Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. J Endod 2012;38:495-500.
• 66 Vidotto AP, Cunha RS, Zeferino EG, Rocha DG, Martin AS, Bueno CE. Comparison of MTA Fillapex radiopacity with five root canal sealers. RSBO. 2011;8:404-9.
• 67 Tay FR, Pashley DH. Monoblocks in root canals: A hypothetical or a tangible goal. J Endod 2007;33:391-8.
• 68 Hatibovic-Kofman S, Raimundo L, Zheng L, Chong L, Friedman M, Andreasen JO. Fracture resistance and histological findings of immature teeth treated with mineral trioxide aggregate. Dent Traumatol 2008;24:272-6.
• 69 Andreasen JO, Farik B, Munksgaard EC. Long-term calcium hydroxide as a root canal dressing may increase risk of root fracture. Dent Traumatol 2002;18:134-7.
• 70 Grigoratos D, Knowles J, Ng YL, Gulabivala K. Effect of exposing dentine to sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide on its flexural strength and elastic modulus. Int Endod J 2001;34:113-9.
• 71 Rosenberg B, Murray PE, Namerow K. The effect of calcium hydroxide root filling on dentin fracture strength. Dent Traumatol 2007;23:26-9.
• 72 Takagi S, Chow LC, Hirayama S, Eichmiller FC. Properties of novel resorbable chitosan calcium phosphate composites. Dent Mater 2003;19:797-804.73.
• 73 Yang Q, Lu D. Premix biological hydraulic cement paste composition and using the same. United States Patent Application 2008029909, 2008.
• 74 Yang Q, Troczynski T, Liu DM. Influence of apatite seeds on the synthesis of calcium phosphate cement. Biomaterials 2002; 23:2751-60.
• 75 Xu HH, Carey LE, Simon CG Jr, Takagi S, Chow LC. Premixed calcium phosphate cements: Synthesis, physical properties, and cell cytotoxicity. Dent Mater 2007;23:433-41.
• 76 Paqué F, Luder HU, Sener B, Zehnder M. Tubular sclerosis rather than the smear layer impedes dye penetration into the dentine of endodontically instrumented root canals. Int Endod J 2006;39:18-25.
• 77 Zhang H, Shen Y, Ruse ND, Haapasalo M. Antibacterial activity of endodontic sealers by modified direct contact test against Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2009;35:1051-5.
• 78 Candeiro GT, Correia FC, Duarte MA, Ribeiro-Siqueira DC, Gavini G. Evaluation of Radiopacity, pH, Release of Calcium Ions, and Flow of a Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer. J Endod 2012;38:842-5.
• 79 Loushine BA, Bryan TE, Looney SW, Gillen BM, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, et al. Setting Properties and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of a Premixed Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer. J Endod 2011;37:673-7.
• 80 Zoufan K, Komabayashi T, Safavi KE, Zhu Q. Cytotoxicity evaluation of Gutta Flow and Endo Sequence BC sealers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112:657-61.
• 81 De-Deus G, Canabarro A, Alves GG, Marins JR, Linhares AB, Granjeiro JM. Cytocompatibility of the ready-to-use bioceramic putty repair cement iRoot BP Plus with primary human osteoblasts. Int Endod J. 2012;45:508-13.
• 82 Kenneth A. Koch, DMD, and Dennis G. Brave, Bioceramics, Part 1: The Clinician’s Viewpoint; 13 January 2012.
• 83 Hess D, Solomon E, Spears R, He J. Retreatability of a Bioceramic Root Canal Sealing Material. J Endod 2011;37:1-3.
• 84 Ghoneim AG, Lutfy RA, Sabet NE, Fayyad DM. Resistance to Fracture of Roots Obturated with Novel Canal-filling Systems. J Endod 2011;37:1590-2.
• 85 Kossev D, Stefanov V. Ceramics-based sealers as new alternative to currently used endodontic sealers. research ceramics-based sealers 2009;1:42-48.
• 86 Borges RP, Sousa-Neto MD, Versiani MA, Rached-Júnior FA, De-Deus G, Miranda CE, et al. Changes in the surface of four calcium silicate-containing endodontic materials and an epoxy resin-based sealer after a solubility test. Int Endod J 2012;45:419-28.
• 87 Mounce R, Glassman G. Bonded Endodontic Obturation: Another Quantum Leap Forward for Endodontics.Oralhealthgroup.com. Aavailable from: http://www.oralhealthgroup.com/news/bonded-endodontic-obturation-another-quantum-leap-forward-for- endodontics/1000148863 [Last accessed on 2004 Jul].
• 88 Haschke E. Methods of filling a root canal with adhesive endodontic cones and polymerizable filling and sealing materials. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Patent number 7,261,563, 2007.
• 89 Bergmans L, Moisiadis P, De Munck J, Van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P. Effect of polymerization shrinkage on the sealing capacity of resin fillers for endodontic use. J Adhes Dent 2005;7:321-9.
• 90 Jia WT, Trope M, Alpert B. Dental filling material. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Patent number 7,211,136, May 1, 2007.
• 91 Schwartz RS. Adhesive dentistry and endodontics: Part 2-bonding in the root canal system: The promise and the problems-a review. J Endod 2006;32:1125-34.
• 92 Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Monticelli F, Weller RN, Breschi L, Ferrari M, et al. Effectiveness of resin-coated gutta-percha cones and a dual-cured, hydrophilic methacrylate resin-based sealer in obturating root canals. J Endod 2005;31:659-64.
• 93 Ruyter IE. Unpolymerized surface layers on sealants. Acta Odontol Scand 1981;39:27-32.
• 94 Hiraishi N, Loushine RJ, Vano M, Chieffi N, Weller RN, Ferrari M, et al. Is an oxygen inhibited layer required for bonding of resin-coated gutta-percha to a methacrylate-based root canal sealer? J Endod 2006;32:429-33.
• 95 Hiraishi N, Papacchini F, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Ferrari M, Pashley DH, et al. Shear bond strength of Resilon to a methacrylate-based root canal sealer. Int Endod J 2005;38:753-63.
• 96 Tay FR, Hiraishi N, Pashley DH, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Gillespie WT, et al. Bondability of Resilon to a methacrylate-based root canal sealer. J Endod 2006;32:133-7.
• 97 Ori T, Otsuki H, Wakamatsu S, Yamamoto N, Kawashima T, Matsushima K, and Ikemi T et al. Chemical surface analyses of a 4-meta-containg methacrylate resin-based sealer. J Dent Res 2009;88A[Spec Iss]: Abstr 2335.
• 98 Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Lambrechts P, Weller RN, Pashley DH. Geometric factors affecting dentin bonding in root canals: A theoretical modeling approach. J Endod 2005;31:584-9.
• 99 Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Kimbrough WF, Pashley DH, Mak YF, et al. Ultrastructural evaluation of the apical seal in roots filled with a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material. J Endod 2005;31:514-9.
• 100 Teixeira FB, Teixeira EC, Thompson JY, Trope M. Fracture resistance of roots endodontically treated with a new resin filling material. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:646-52.
• 101 Tay FR, Gutmann JL, Pashley DH. Microporous, demineralized collagen matrices in intact radicular dentin created by commonly used calcium-depleting endodontic irrigants. J Endod 2007;33:1086-90.
• 102 Mai S, Kim YK, Hiraishi N, Ling J, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Evaluation of the true self etching potential of a fourth generation self-adhesive methacrylate resin-based sealer. J Endod 2009;35:870-4.
• 103 Zmener O. Tissue response to a new methacrylate-based root canal sealer: Preliminary observations in the subcutaneous connective tissue of rats. J Endod 2004;30:348-51.
• 104 Davidson CL, Van Zeghbroeck L, Feilzer AJ. Destructive stresses in adhesive luting cements. J Dent Res 1991;70:880-2.
• 105 Hammad M, Qualtrough A, Silikas N. Evaluation of root canal obturation: A three dimensional in vitro study. J Endod 2009;35:541-4.
• 106 Smartseal home page. Available at: http://www.smart-seal.co.uk. [Last accessed on 2009 Nov 5].
• 107 Gogos C, Economides N, Stavrianos C, Kolokouris I, Kokorikos I. Adhesion of a new methacrylate resin-based sealer to human dentin. J Endod 2004;30:238-40.
• 108 Al-Hiyasat AS, Tayyar M, Darmani H. Cytotoxicity evaluation of various resin based root canal sealers. Int Endod J. 2010;43:148-53.
• 109 Zmener O, Banegas G, Pameijer CH. Bone tissue response to a methacrylate-based endodontic sealer: A histological and histometric study. J Endod 2005;31:457-9.
• 110 Pashley DH, Ciucchi B, Sano H, Carvalho RM, Russell CM. Bond strength versus dentine structure: A modelling approach. Arch Oral Biol 1995;40:1109-18.
• 111 Fisher MA, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK. An in vitro comparison of bond strength of various obturation materials to root canal dentin using a push-out test design. J Endod 2007;33:856-8.
• 112 Lawson MS, Loushine B, Mai S, Weller RN, Pashley DH, Tay FR, et al. Resistance of a 4-META-containing, methacrylate- based sealer to dislocation in root canals. J Endod 2008;34:833-7.
• 113 Resilon LK. What Is the Latest Research? northwest dentistry. Journal of Minnesota association. 2006;85:3.
• 114 Santerre JP, Shajii L, Leung BW. Relation of dental composite formulations to their degradation and the release of hydrolyzed polymeric-resin-derived products. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2001;12:136-51.
• 115 Tay FR, Pashley DH, Williams MC, Raina R, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, et al. Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-base root canal filling material to degradation: I-alkaline hydrolysis. J Endod 2005;31:593-8.
• 116 Tay FR, Pashley DH, Yiu CK, Yau JY, Yiu-fai M, Loushine RJ, et al. Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material to degradation: II-gravimetric evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis. J Endod 2005;31:737-41.
• 117 Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Lambrechts P, Weller RN, Pashley DH. Geometric factors affecting dentin bonding in root canals: A theoretical modeling approach. J Endod 2005;31:584-9.
• 118 Teixeira FB, Teixeira EC, Thompson JY, Trope M. Fracture resistance of roots endodontically treated with a new resin fi lling material. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:646-52.
• 119 Schafer E, Zandbiglari T, Schafer J. Influence of resin-based adhesive root canal fillings on the resistance to fracture of endodontically treated roots: An in vitro preliminary study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;103:274-9.
• 120 Hammad M, Qualtrough A, Silikas N. Effect of new obturating materials on vertical root fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. J Endod 2007;33:732-6.
• 121 Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ. Reinforcement of immature roots with a new resin filling material. J Endod 2006;32:350-3.
• 122 Hemalatha H, Sandeep M, Kulkarni S, Yakub SS. Evaluation of fracture resistance in simulated immature teeth using Resilon and Ribbond as root reinforcements: An in vitro study. Dent Traumatol 2009;25:433-8.
• 123 Karapinar Kazandag M, Sunay H, Tanalp J, Bayirli G. Fracture resistance of roots using different canal filling systems. Int Endod J 2009;42:705-10.
• 124 Jainaen A, Palamara JE, Messer HH. The effect of resin-based sealers on fracture properties of dentine. Int Endod J 2009;42:136-43.
• 125 Rueggeberg FA, Margeson DH. The effect of oxygen inhibition on an unfilled/filled composite system. J Dent Res 1990;69:1652-8.
• 126 Nunes VH, Silva RG, Alfredo E, Sousa-Neto MD. Silva-Sousa. Adhesion of Epiphany and AH Plus sealers to human root dentin treated with different solutions. Braz Dent J 2008;19:46-59.
• 127 Filipov IA, Vladimirov SB. Residual monomer in a composite resin after lightcuring with different sources, light intensities and spectra of radiation. Braz Dent J 2006;17:34-8.
• 128 Nielsen BA, Beeler WJ, Vy C, Baumgartner JC. Setting times of Resilon and other sealers in aerobic and anaerobic environments. J Endod 2006;32:130-2.
• 129 Ezzie E, Fleury A, Solomon E, Spears R, He J. Efficacy of retreatment techniques for a resin based root canal obturation material. J Endod 2006;32:341-4.
• 130 Jainaen A, Palamara JE, Messer HH. Push-out bond strengths of the dentine-sealer interface with and without a main cone. Int Endod J 2007;40:882-90.
• 131 Heitman EP, Joyce AP, McPherson JC 3rd, Roberts S, Chuang A. An in vitro evaluation of the growth of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts after exposure to a methacrylate-based endodontic sealer. J Endod 2008;34:186-9.
• 132 Janke V, von Neuhoff N, Schlegelberger B, Leyhausen G, Geurtsen W. TEGDMA causes apoptosis in primary human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2003;82:814-8.
• 133 Ito S, Hashimoto M, Wadgaonkar B, Svizero N, Carvalho RM, Yiu C, et al. Effects of resin hydrophilicity on water sorption and changes in modulus of elasticity. Biomaterials 2005;26:6449-59.
• 134 Bouillaguet S, Wataha JC, Hanks CT, Ciucchi B, Holz J. In vitro cytotoxicity and dentin permeability of HEMA. J Endod 1996;22:244-8.
• 135 Bae WJ, Chang SW, Lee SI, Kum KY, Bae KS, Kim EC. Human periodontal ligament cell response to a newly developed calcium phosphate-based root canal sealer. J Endod 2010;36:1658-63.
• 136 Shon WJ, Bae KS, Baek SH, Kum KY, Han AR, Lee W. Effects of calcium phosphate endodontic sealers on the behavior of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts and MG63 osteoblast-like cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012;100:2141-7.
• 137 Ambard AJ, Mueninghoff L. Calcium phosphate cement: review of mechanical and biological properties. J Prosthodont 2006;15:321-28.
• 138 Khashaba RM, Moussa MM, Chutkan NB, Borke JL. The response of subcutaneous connective tissue to newly developed calcium phosphate-based root canal sealers. Int Endod J 2011;44:342-52.
• 139 Yang SE, Baek SH, Lee W, Kum KY, Bae KS. In vitro evaluation of the sealing ability of newly developed calcium phosphate-based root canal sealer. J Endod 2007;33:978-81.
• 140 White JD, Lacefield WR, Chavers LS, Eleazer PD. The effect of three commonly used endodontic materials on the strength and hardness of root dentin. J Endod 2002;28:828-30.
• 141 Asgary S, Shahabi S, JafarzadehT, Amini S, Kheirieh S. The properties of a new endodontic material. J Endod 2008;34:990-3.
• 142 Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Parirokh M, Ghoddusi J, Kheirieh S, Brink F. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregate’s composition with Portland cements and a new endodontic cement. J Endod 2009;35:243-50.
• 143 Asgary S, Kamrani FA. Antibacterial effects of five different root canal sealing materials. J Oral Sci 2008;50:469-74.
• 144 Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Parirokh M. Sealing ability of a novel endodontic cement as a root-end filling material. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008;87:706-9.
• 145 Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Ehsani S. Periradicular regeneration after endodontic surgery with calcium-enriched mixture cement in dogs. J Endod 2010;36:837-41.
• 146 Milani AS, Rahimi S, Borna Z, Jafarabadi MA, Bahari M, Deljavan AS. Fracture resistance of immature teeth filled with mineral trioxide aggregate or calcium-enriched mixture cement: An ex vivo study. Dent Res J 2012;9:299-304.
• 147 Andreasen JO, Munksgaard EC, Bakland LK. Comparison of fracture resistance in root canals of immature sheep teeth after filling with calcium hydroxide or MTA. Dent Traumatol 2006;22:154-6.
• 148 Bortolini MCT, Santos S, Habitante S, Dias JR, Rodrigues D, Vance R, et al. Endodontic sealers: Intratubular penetration and permeability to Enterococcus faecalis. International journal of clinical research. 2010;21:40-43.
• 149 Javaheri M, Bahmani-Zanjani L, Rakhshan V, Foroozia M. Vertical fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with four sets of obturation and filling materials. J Dent Sci 2012;7:130-6.