Fig. 1Changes in the mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels during the 2-year follow-up period. aDifference between groups P<0.01.
Fig. 2The frequency of glycemic durability and non-durability according to the baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (P<0.005).
Fig. 3The frequency of glycemic durability and non-durability according to the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level at the first follow-up visit (P<0.001).
Table 1Baseline characteristics according to glycemic durability
Characteristic |
Durability group (n=114) |
Non-durability group (n=80) |
P value |
Age, yr |
55.8±11.2 |
53.1±12.2 |
0.109 |
Male sex |
70 (61.4) |
49 (61.2) |
0.983 |
Body weight, kg |
70.9±13.8 |
67.7±13.4 |
0.065 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
26.1±4.1 |
24.9±3.6 |
0.021 |
Waist circumference, cm |
90.1±11.2 |
85.3±13.5 |
<0.001 |
Smoking status |
|
|
0.681 |
Non-smoker |
51 (44.7) |
33 (41.2) |
Ex-smoker |
21 (18.4) |
16 (20) |
Current-smoker |
42 (36.8) |
31 (38.7) |
Alcohol |
|
|
0.686 |
No |
54 (47.4) |
43 (53.8) |
Yes |
59 (51.8) |
37 (46.2) |
Education |
|
|
0.092 |
Lower than middle school |
18 (17.8) |
20 (26.7) |
High school |
40 (39.6) |
31 (41.3) |
Higher than college |
43 (42.6) |
24 (32.0) |
Physical activity |
|
|
0.018 |
None |
61 (54.0) |
54 (68.4) |
≤Twice per week |
6 (5.3) |
7 (8.9) |
≥Three times per week |
46 (40.7) |
18 (22.8) |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
154.5±58.2 |
182.1±66.4 |
0.001 |
Postprandial glucose, mg/dL |
228.2±100.5 |
272.2±105.3 |
0.003 |
HbA1c, % |
8.6±2.2 |
9.7±2.2 |
<0.001 |
C-peptide, basal, ng/mLa
|
2.31±1.13 |
1.87±0.97 |
0.003 |
Insulin, basal, μIU/mLa
|
9.71±5.37 |
8.17±4.54 |
0.067 |
HOMA-βa,b
|
51.4±5.2 |
33.1±3.7 |
0.005 |
HOMA-IRa,c
|
3.82±0.31 |
3.56±0.28 |
0.760 |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
0.88±0.17 |
1.02±0.23 |
0.747 |
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
88.7±18.8 |
87.8±23.0 |
0.649 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
127.2±15.0 |
126.9±17.3 |
0.323 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
186.1±47.2 |
182.9±42.4 |
0.852 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
46.3±10.9 |
45.6±11.0 |
0.356 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
158.3±137.5 |
173.0±106.1 |
0.199 |
Initial treatment |
|
|
|
Insulin |
27 (23.7) |
29 (36.2) |
0.047 |
Metformin |
88 (77.2) |
67 (83.8) |
0.262 |
Sulfonylurea |
32 (28.1) |
37 (46.2) |
0.009 |
Meglitinide |
5 (4.4) |
5 (6.2) |
0.743 |
DPP4-inhibitor |
10 (8.8) |
12 (15.0) |
0.092 |
Thiazolidinedione |
10 (8.8) |
7 (8.8) |
0.996 |
α-Glucosidase inhibitor |
1 (0.9) |
2 (2.5) |
0.570 |
Table 2Factors associated with glycemic durability
Variable |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusteda ORa (95% CI) |
Age |
1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
1.03 (0.99–1.06) |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
|
|
23–25 (reference) |
1 |
1 |
<23 |
0.89 (0.37–2.09) |
1.07 (0.38–3.00) |
25–30 |
2.04 (0.92–4.51) |
2.60 (0.97–6.46) |
≥30 |
1.88 (0.64–5.51) |
2.28 (0.60–8.67) |
Education level |
|
|
Lower than middle school (reference) |
1 |
1 |
High school |
1.43 (0.65–3.16) |
2.08 (0.80–5.40) |
Higher than college |
1.99 (0.89–4.47) |
3.18 (1.10–9.23) |
Physical activity |
|
|
None (reference) |
1 |
1 |
<Twice per week |
0.76 (0.24–2.40) |
1.11 (0.29–4.17) |
≥Thrice per week |
2.26 (1.17–4.36) |
2.51 (1.17–5.36) |
HbA1c at baseline, %b
|
|
|
≥9 (reference) |
1 |
1 |
≥8, <9 |
0.97 (0.40–2.35) |
0.87 (0.33–2.32) |
≥7, <8 |
1.60 (0.76–3.36) |
1.30 (0.58–2.91) |
<7 |
6.91 (2.47–19.33) |
7.48 (2.51–22.34) |
HbA1c at 1st follow-up, % |
|
|
≥8 (reference) |
1 |
1 |
≥7, <8 |
3.89 (0.77–19.69) |
3.41 (0.56–20.83) |
≥6, <7 |
9.71 (2.01–46.82) |
9.27 (1.62–53.01) |
<6 |
13.90 (2.54–75.92) |
11.84 (1.80–77.68) |
Baseline C-peptide, ng/mL |
1.53 (1.12–2.09) |
1.44 (0.99–2.03) |
HOMA-βc
|
1.66 (1.15–2.39) |
1.51 (1.02–2.73) |
HOMA-IRc
|
1.14 (0.73–1.78) |
0.99 (0.83–1.17) |
Table 3Association between the time needed to reach target glycemic control level (HbA1c <7.0%) and glycemic durability
|
No. |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted Ora (95% CI) |
>6 Months |
39 |
1 |
1 |
>3, ≤6 Months |
39 |
5.18 (1.96–13.69) |
4.12 (1.42–11.93) |
≤3 Months |
116 |
6.19 (2.73–14.03) |
5.90 (2.35–14.77) |