Published online Mar 23, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2018.21.1.51
Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance of the Zinc Finger of the Cerebellum Family in Invasive Breast Cancer
Abstract
Purpose
Five members of the zinc finger of the cerebellum (ZIC) family—ZIC1, ZIC2, ZIC3, ZIC4, and ZIC5—have been shown to be involved in various carcinomas. Here, we aimed to explore the clinicopathologic and prognostic roles of ZIC family members in invasive breast cancer patients using immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting analysis, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).
Methods
A total of 241 female invasive breast cancer patients who underwent radical mastectomy between 2009 and 2011 were enrolled. ZIC proteins in 241 pairs of breast tumors and corresponding normal tissues were investigated using immunohistochemistry and the clinicopathologic roles of proteins were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis were also used to analyze the prognostic value of the ZIC proteins. In addition, 12 pairs of fresh-frozen breast tumors and matched normal tissues were used in the western blotting analysis and RT-qPCR.
Results
Only ZIC1 expression in normal tissues was obviously higher than that in tumors (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, ZIC1 expression (in overall survival analysis: hazard ratio [HR], 0.405, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.233–0.702, p=0.001; in disease-free survival analysis: HR, 0.395, 95% CI, 0.234–0.669, p=0.001) was identified as a prognostic indicator of invasive breast cancer.
Conclusion
ZIC1, but not the other proteins, was obviously decreased in breast tumors and associated with clinicopathologic factors. Thus, ZIC1 might be a novel indicator to predict the overall and disease-free survival of invasive breast cancer patients.
INTRODUCTION
Invasive breast cancer, a leading cause of death among women, has received extensive attention from the international community [1]. Numerous genes and proteins have been discovered and are now considered biomarkers for more precise evaluation of the prognosis of breast cancer.
The five zinc finger of the cerebellum (ZIC) family proteins—ZIC1, ZIC2, ZIC3, ZIC4, and ZIC5—are structurally similar to each other [2]. Five Cys2His2 zinc-finger domains in each member interact with the Gli family proteins via these homologous structures and are essential for human nervous system development [3]. Currently, these five proteins play different roles in human carcinomas and have been inferred as carcinogenic or suppressor genes. ZIC1 has been found to inhibit the growth of various carcinomas, such as digestive system cancers and thyroid cancer, and has become a putative indicator of good prognosis [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. In addition, the high ZIC4 methylation levels in pTa-bladder cancer patients was correlated with an elevated progression risk and became a potential poor prognostic marker in stage pTa [9, 10]. However, ZIC2, ZIC3, and ZIC5 are overexpressed in lung cancer cells and can function as oncogenes by improving cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis [11, 12, 13]. Besides, ZIC2 expression could promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis during the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [14]. Previous studies have also demonstrated that ZIC1 and ZIC4 are potential suppressor genes in breast cancer [15, 16]. The ZIC1 expression level was elevated in BT-549 cells after the knockdown of phosphatidylinositolglycan-class X (PIGX), reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1), or (RCN2), whereas the growth of transfected BT-549 cells was obviously inhibited [15]. Pavlova et al. [16] identified that methylated ZIC4 might be involved in breast cancer development. Without reports on ZIC2, ZIC3, or ZIC5 in breast cancer, the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of the ZIC family proteins requires further illumination.
Here, we investigated the expression levels of the ZIC family proteins in 241 cases of invasive breast cancer using immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) and then detected the relative expression levels of these proteins in 12 pairs of breast tumors and matched normal tissues using western blotting analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We also analyzed the associations between the ZIC family protein expression levels and the clinicopathological factors of breast cancer and evaluated the prognostic roles of these proteins.
METHODS
Patients and tissue samples
A total of 241 female invasive breast cancer patients (mean age, 50.53±11.28 years) who underwent surgery (radical mastectomy in 45, modified radical mastectomy in 196) between 2009 and 2011 were enrolled. Each case had breast tumor and its corresponding normal tissue. None of the patients had received radiotherapy or chemotherapy before surgery. The cohort was composed of patients with complete clinicopathological data from Wujiang First People's Hospital (n=64) and Kunshan Second People's Hospital (n=177). Patients with stage I, II, and III disease received doxorubicin+cyclophosphamide for the first four cycles and paclitaxel for the next four cycles, while patients with stage IV disease received cyclophosphamide+doxorubicin+5-fluorouracil for six cycles. If a patient confirmed estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive, she would receive tamoxifen in the premenopausal period or an aromatase inhibitor in the postmenopausal period. If a patient tested human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive, she would receive trastuzumab. Follow-up data were available for all patients for a mean duration of 54.24±0.81 months (range, 3–60 months). More details of the clinicopathological data of 241 cases are listed in Table 1. In addition, 12 pairs of fresh-frozen breast tumor tissue and matched normal tissue samples (stored at −80℃) were collected from Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University and used for total protein extraction. Our study received ethical approval from the Kunshan First People's Hospital Ethics Committee (No. KSLL2008016). Every patient signed an informed consent form.
Table 1
Clinicopathological parameters of 241 patients with breast cancer
Tissue microarray construction and immunohistochemistry
A total of 241 breast tumors and corresponding normal tissues were collected. Three representative regions of each case were selected to obtain tissue cylinders with a diameter of 0.6 mm; we then arrayed these cylinders into a recipient block using a tissue chip microarrayer. Subsequently, we cut the recipient block into 5-µm sections on pretreated slides to support sample adhesion.
Rabbit anti-human ZIC1, ZIC2, ZIC3, ZIC4, and ZIC5 polyclonal antibodies (Bioss, Beijing, China) were used as the primary antibodies diluted at 1:100 in phosphate-buffered saline. A SP Rabbit & Mouse HRP Kit (CWBIO, Beijing, China) was used for the IHC. The slides were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and then boiled in a citrate buffer solution at a concentration of 10 mmol/L. After the solution cooled to room temperature, tissue chips were treated with blocking buffers and then incubated with the primary antibodies for 12 hours each. In sequence, the slides were marked by streptavidin with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), developed by diaminobenzidine, and counterstained with hematoxylin. Finally, we dehydrated and mounted these chips for storage and evaluation of the staining results.
Evaluation of immunohistochemical staining
Two pathologists (X.J.G. and F.C.) who were blinded to the study details independently assessed ZIC family protein expression in a semi-quantitative manner combined with evaluation of the percentage of tumor cells with staining of the cytoplasm or nuclear (“0–100%”=“0–10”) and the assessment of staining intensity (“faint–yellow–sepia”=“1–10”). Multiplied values, called the immunoreactivity score (IRS), were 0–100. If one protein was detected in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, we used an average score of the cytoplasm and nucleus (ZIC1–3). The samples were divided into “high-expression” (IRS >10) and “low-expression” (IRS ≤10) samples according to each protein's expression. This cutoff value was identified according to previous relevant studies [17, 18]. ER, PR, and HER2 statuses were considered as positive if >10% of tumor cells showed staining [19]. Any disagreement of IRS was resolved by discussion or consultation with a third pathologist (H.Z.D.). The results of the agreement statistics are presented in Supplementary Figure 1 (available online) with a Bland-Altman method comparison.
Figure 3
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of zinc finger of the cerebellum (ZIC) family members in breast tumors and matched normal tissues.
N=normal tissue; T=breast tumor. *p<0.001.
Protein extraction and western blotting
Twelve pairs of fresh-frozen invasive breast cancer tumors and corresponding normal tissues were used for the western blotting analysis. We chose normal breast tissues that were >5 cm away from the tumors. In these regions, there were abundant epithelial cells of the normal mammary duct and acinar structures. We extracted total proteins from the representative tumor regions and normal breast tissues using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) Lysis Buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China), and then collected the supernatants, whose protein concentrations were measured using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology). Supernatants of the samples were mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Loading Buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology), boiled for 8–10 minutes, resolved on ExpressPlus PAGE Gel (Genscript, Nanjing, China), transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Beyotime Biotechnology), and then blocked in Tris buffered saline+Tween (TBST) confining liquid with 5% non-fat dry milk for 2 hours at room temperature. Thereafter, the primary antibodies including ZIC1 (diluted at 1:400), ZIC2 (diluted at 1:400), ZIC3 (diluted at 1:400), ZIC4 (diluted at 1:400), ZIC5 (diluted at 1:400), and β-actin (mouse polyclonal antibody diluted at 1:1,000; Beyotime Biotechnology) were dissolved in TBST and used to incubate membranes in 4℃ overnight. After a cleaning in TBST, corresponding secondary antibodies with HRP were used to incubate these membranes for 2 hours at 37℃ and the protein bands were detected using an Enhanced Chemiluminescence Detection System (Beyotime Biotechnology). The formula of relative expression levels of proteins quantified with Image J was Gray Value (ZIC proteins)/Gray Value (β-actin). The specificity of antibodies is shown in Supplementary Tables 1, 2, and Supplementary Figure 2 (available online).
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Twelve pairs of frozen-thawed tissues were also used to isolate the total RNA using Trizol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA), and then, 2 µg RNA from each sample was reverse transcribed using the SuperScript II RNase-Reverse Transcriptase System (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Circular DNA was subjected to RT-qPCR using primers specific for ZIC1, ZIC2, ZIC3, ZIC4, ZIC5, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The PCR primers are shown in Table 2. The PCR cycling conditions were as follows: 94℃ for 4 minutes, followed by 40 cycles at 95℃ for 1 minute, 60℃ for 1 minute, and 72℃ for 1 minute. The amplified DNA was measured using an SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ kit (Takara Bio, Dalian, China), whereas RT-qPCR was performed using an iQ5 Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad, Berkeley, USA). The 2-ΔΔCt value was used to calculate the relative expression and ΔΔCt=(CtTumor-ZICn−CtTumor-GAPDH)−(CtNormal-ZICn−CtNormal-GAPDH) (n=1–5). A higher 2-ΔΔCt level indicated greater mRNA expression.
Table 2
The polymerase chain reaction primers of ZIC family genes and GAPDH
Statistical analysis
All results were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software (IBM, Armonk, USA) or GraphPad Prism version 6.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA), and p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the associations between ZIC protein expression and clinicopathological factors. In addition, Kaplan-Meier curves with the log-rank test and Cox univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the roles of every factor in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Independent risk factors for survival were selected using SPSS version 20.0 software.
RESULTS
ZIC member expression in invasive breast cancer
IHC confirmed that ZIC1, ZIC2, and ZIC3 could be expressed in the nucleus or cytoplasm, whereas ZIC4 and ZIC5 were expressed only in the nucleus. The rates of high ZIC1–5 expression were 49.8%, 53.9%, 44.8%, 45.2%, and 38.6%, respectively (Table 3). Figure 1 shows the expression of ZIC proteins in tumors and matched normal tissues, while the expression score of ZIC1 protein in the normal tissues was obviously higher than that in the tumors (normal tissues vs. tumors, 32.66±18.76 vs. 15.38±13.37, p<0.001). However, no difference in ZIC2 (tumors vs. normal tissues, 16.26±13.08 vs. 16.71±15.38, p>0.05), ZIC3 (tumors vs. normal tissues, 13.49±11.58 vs. 13.61±9.71, p>0.05), ZIC4 (tumors vs. normal tissues, 14.20±11.95 vs. 12.62±10.38, p>0.05), or ZIC5 (tumors vs. normal tissues, 12.08±10.23 vs. 10.81±9.02, p>0.05) expression scores were seen between the tumor tissues and corresponding normal tissues.
Figure 1
ZIC member expression in invasive breast cancer. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining of zinc finger of the cerebellum (ZIC) family proteins in breast tumors and corresponding normal tissues. ZIC family proteins were observed in the nucleus or cytoplasm (×400 magnification). (B) There was a significant difference in ZIC1 expression, but not other proteins, between breast tumors and matched normal tissues from 241 patients.
N=normal tissue; T=breast tumor. *p<0.001.
Table 3
Associations of ZIC family proteins expression with various clinicopathological factors of 241 patients with invasive breast cancer
We then used western blotting analysis to detect the ZIC protein expressions in the 12 pairs of tissues, and the sizes of the ZIC1–5 proteins were 48 kDa, 55 kDa, 51 kDa, 37 kDa, and 68 kDa, respectively. We found that the level of ZIC1 protein expression in the tumors was significantly lower than that in normal tissues (tumors vs. normal tissues, 0.324±0.127 vs. 0.801±0.261, p<0.001) (Figure 2, Supplementary Figure 3). However, we found no difference in ZIC2 (normal tissues vs. tumors, 0.533±0.181 vs. 0.633±0.190, p>0.05), ZIC3 (normal tissues vs. tumors, 0.543±0.290 vs. 0.687±0.365, p>0.05), ZIC4 (normal tissues vs. tumors, 0.544±0.294 vs. 0.641±0.229, p>0.05), or ZIC5 (normal tissues vs. tumors, 0.457±0.317 vs. 0.522±0.302, p>0.05) between the tumors and matched normal tissues.
Figure 2
Western blotting analysis of zinc finger of the cerebellum (ZIC) family proteins in breast tumors and matched normal tissues. (A) Represent blots of ZIC family proteins in four samples. (B) Relative protein expression of ZIC family proteins in 12 pairs of breast tumors and matched normal tissues.
N=normal tissue; T=breast tumor. *p<0.001.
Also, in the RT-qPCR analysis, we found that the ZIC1 mRNA expression level in the tumors was significantly lower than that in the normal tissues (0.163±0.139 vs. 1.197±0.921, respectively, p<0.001) (Figure 3).
Associations between ZIC protein expression and clinicopathologic factors
Next, to evaluate the relationship between every ZIC protein and clinicopathologic factors, we divided all patients into two groups by cutoff values. As shown in Table 3, only the high ZIC1 expression level was negatively related to lymph node metastasis (p=0.024) and TNM stage (p=0.015). However, no significant relationships were observed between ZIC1 and other factors (p>0.05) (Table 3).
Overall survival
The OS rate was 73.4%. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis to examine the survival rates of 241 invasive breast cancer cases with high or low ZIC protein expressions. The 5-year survival rate of patients with high ZIC1 expression was obviously higher than those with low expression (high vs. low, mean survival time, 57.08±0.81 months vs. 51.42±1.34 months, p<0.001; 5-year survival rate, 84.2% vs. 62.8%, p<0.001) (Figure 4A). However, no significant differences in survival rates were detected between the high and low ZIC2 levels (mean survival time, 54.12±1.10 months vs. 54.38±1.19 months, respectively, p>0.05; 5-year survival rate, 73.8% vs. 73.0%, p>0.05) (Figure 4B), ZIC3 (mean survival time, 52.69±1.44 months vs. 55.49±0.87 months, respectively, p>0.05; 5-year survival rate, 72.2% vs. 74.4%, respectively, p>0.05) (Figure 4C), ZIC4 (mean survival time, 53.78±1.27 months vs. 54.61±1.04 months, respectively, p>0.05; 5-year survival rate, 72.5% vs. 74.2%, p>0.05) (Figure 4D), or ZIC5 (mean survival time, 52.81±1.44 months vs. 55.14±0.95 months, respectively, p>0.05; and 5-year survival rate, 67.7% vs. 77.0%, respectively, p>0.05) (Figure 4E).
Figure 4
Kaplan-Meier survival curves of overall survival for zinc fnger of the cerebellum (ZIC) family proteins expression in invasive breast cancer. (A) ZIC1, (B) ZIC2, (C) ZIC3, (D) ZIC4, and (E) ZIC5.
In the next Cox regression analysis, we first conducted a univariate analysis and found that nine factors—ZIC1 expression, tumor size, location, histologic grade, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, ER expression, HER2 expression, and targeted therapy—could affect the OS of invasive breast cancer patients; in the further multivariate analysis, five factors—including ZIC1 expression (hazard ratio [HR], 0.405; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.233–0.702; p=0.001), tumor size (HR, 1.762; 95% CI, 1.014–3.062; p=0.038), histologic grade (HR, 2.024; 95% CI, 1.159–3.536; p=0.013), TNM staging (HR, 2.606; 95% CI, 1.509–4.500; p=0.001), and HER2 expression (HR, 0.535; 95% CI, 0.317–0.905; p=0.020) —were identified as prognostic indicators of invasive breast cancer patients (Table 4).
Table 4
Prognostic value of ZIC family proteins expression and clinicopathological factors for the overall survival by univariate and multivariate analyses with Cox regression
Disease-free survival
The 5-year DFS rate was 71.4%. The DFS of patients with high ZIC1 expression was significantly higher than that of patients with low expression (high vs. low, mean survival time, 56.63±0.88 months vs. 49.29±1.46 months, respectively, p<0.001; 5-year DFS rate, 82.5% vs. 60.3%, respectively, p<0.001) (Figure 5A). No significant differences in DFS rates were detected between high and low levels of ZIC2, ZIC3, ZIC4, or ZIC5 (p>0.05) (Figure 5). As shown in Table 5, we found that seven factors—ZIC1 expression, tumor size, histologic grade, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, HER2 expression, and targeted therapy—were related to DFS in univariate analysis; in the further multivariate analysis, five independent factors were identified: ZIC1 expression (HR, 0.395; 95% CI, 0.234–0.669; p=0.001), tumor size (HR, 1.838; 95% CI, 1.090–3.101; p=0.022), histologic grade (HR, 1.936; 95% CI, 1.123–3.340; p=0.018), TNM staging (HR, 2.559; 95% CI, 1.517–4.318; p<0.001), and HER2 expression (HR, 0.580; 95% CI, 0.352–0.955; p=0.032).
Figure 5
Kaplan-Meier survival curves of disease-free survival for zinc fnger of the cerebellum (ZIC) family proteins expression in invasive breast cancer. (A) ZIC1, (B) ZIC2, (C) ZIC3, (D) ZIC4, and (E) ZIC5.
Table 5
Prognostic value of ZIC family proteins expression and clinicopathological factors for the disease-free survival by univariate and multivariate analyses with Cox regression
DISCUSSION
The development of novel effective biomarkers to assist in diagnosing clinicopathologic features and to determine the prognosis of invasive breast cancer patients has become a popular research topic. For this, in our study, we detected the protein expressions of five ZIC family members and assessed their clinicopathologic and prognostic functions. First, the distributions of the ZIC family proteins differed. ZIC1–3 proteins were distributed both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas ZIC4 and ZIC5 proteins were distributed in the nucleus alone. Although the ZIC family proteins were expressed in stem cells and associated with cell differentiation, we investigated only ZIC family protein expression in breast or breast carcinoma and found that not all cancer cells within tumor tissues expressed higher ZIC protein levels [20]. In addition, only ZIC1 expression in tumors was obviously downregulated compared to that in the corresponding normal tissues, and there were no differences between tumor and normal tissues during the investigation of the other four proteins. Further comparative analyses indicated that the ZIC1 protein expression level in invasive breast cancer was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. However, only the finding of p=0.0056 (0.05/9) was significant according to Bonferroni correction (Table 3), which indicated that our findings (lymph node metastasis, p=0.024; TNM staging, p=0.015) may be accurate and a larger quantity of samples should be surveyed. Admittedly, there was significant heterogeneity in the cellular composition of the samples. Thus, we chose representative tumor regions and normal breast tissues >5 cm away from tumors to avoid this heterogeneity. In add-ition, Kaplan-Meier curves showed that invasive breast cancer patients with high ZIC1 protein expressions had higher 5-year OS rates and DFS rates than those with low expressions. Besides, other clinicopathologic factors, including tumor size, histologic grade, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, and HER2 expression, ZIC1 expression might become an independent biomarker of OS and DFS in invasive breast cancer patients per our Cox analyses. However, the expression of other ZIC family proteins failed to assess clinicopathologic features or predict the prognosis of invasive breast cancer patients. A recent study also confirmed that only decreased ZIC1 protein expression was associated with aggressive disease progression and a poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients through an IHC analysis of 160 cases [8].
With its control of various biological processes, such as cell division, cell differentiation, myogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurodevelopment, ZIC1 is usually expressed in normal tissues [21]. Several studies demonstrated that upregulated ZIC1, an oncogene promoting cell proliferation and invasion, was involved in the progression and development of endometrial cancer and liposarcoma [22, 23]. However, accumulating evidence suggested that ZIC1 expression was significantly downregulated in various carcinomas and that overexpressed ZIC1 protein suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by interfering with the mitogen-activated protein kinase, sonic hedgehog homolog, and phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase/protein kinase B pathways in vitro [4, 5]. In add-ition, promoter hypermethylation of the ZIC1 gene in thyroid carcinoma, digestive system neoplasms, and gynecologic malignant tumors might be responsible for ZIC1 protein downregulation [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24]. In cervical scrapes, levels of methylated ZIC1 were positively correlated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade [25]. Especially in breast cancer, Nakakido et al. [15] found that the phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class X-containing complex elevated BT-549 cell proliferation by inhibiting ZIC1 and then promoted breast cancer growth. Combined with these basic studies, our study showed that ZIC1 protein was a potential good prognostic marker. Despite methylated ZIC4 impelling breast cancer development in a previous study, our study failed to find any association between ZIC4 expression and clinicopathologic features or prognosis [16].
Three classic biomarkers of breast carcinoma (ER, PR, and HER2) were widely used to identify progression, predict prognosis, and select chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer patients. In our study, we also found that only HER2 was an independent biomarker of good prognosis in a Cox regression analysis. However, ZIC family member expression was not significantly associated with ER, PR, or HER2, indicating that ER, PR, and HER2 expression levels did not influence ZIC protein expression. This hypothesis requires confirmation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, further cytological studies and animal models were essential to investigate alterations of cell proliferation, apoptosis of breast cancer cells, and explore potential specific signaling pathways through lentivirus-mediated overexpression of ZIC1 protein. As a result, we could also develop new regimens of chemotherapy or targeted therapy in future studies.
In summary, using western blotting analysis and IHC evaluations, we concluded that ZIC1 was downregulated in breast tumors and could become a potential biomarker to infer the progression and predict the prognosis of invasive breast cancer patients. Further fundamental and clinical studies would be worthwhile before application of this novel marker in the clinical setting.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
The information of antigen sequences of ZIC polyclonal antibodiesSupplementary Table 1
Designed siRNAs of ZIC familySupplementary Table 2
A Bland-Altman method comparison of agreement statistics.Supplementary Figure 1
Western blotting analysis of ZIC family proteins after knocking down each ZIC protein from MCF-10A.Supplementary Figure 2
The immunoblots of the remaining 8 cases not shown in Figure 2.Supplementary Figure 3
This project supported by Suzhou Youth Science and Technology Program of “Science and Education” (No. KJXW2015053), Kunshan Science and Technology Program of Social Development (No. KS1654), and Jiangsu University Science and Technology Program of Clinical Medicine (No. JLY20160040).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Lyu Y, Nakano K, Davis RR, Tepper CG, Campbell M, Izumiya Y. ZIC2 is essential for maintenance of latency and is a target of an immediate-early protein during KSHV lytic reactivation. J Virol 2017;91:e00980–e00917.
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Funding Information
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Suzhou Youth Science and Technology Program
KJXW2015053
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Kunshan Science and Technology Program
KS1654
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Jiangsu University Science and Technology Program
JLY20160040
