Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Quarterly
pISSN 0301-2875
eISSN 2005-3789
    J Korean Acad Prosthodont. 2017 Jan;55(1):9-17. Korean.
    Published online Jan 25, 2017.
    https://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2017.55.1.9
    © 2017 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
    Original Article

    Effects of abutment angulation and type of connection on the fracture strength of zirconia abutments

    Ho-Seong Kim and Hye-Won Cho
      • Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
    • Corresponding Author: Hye-Won Cho. Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea. +82 (0)63 859 2938: Email: hwcho@wku.ac.kr
    Received December 05, 2016; Revised December 23, 2016; Accepted January 04, 2017.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Purpose

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of straight and angled zirconia abutments for internal hex and external hex implants.

    Materials and methods

    Twenty internal hex implants and 20 external hex implants were prepared. The prefabricated straight zirconia abutments and 17-degree-angled zirconia abutments were connected to those 40 implants. The specimens were classified into 4 groups depending on the connection type and abutment angulation; internal hex implant/straight abutment, group INS; internal hex implant/angled abutment, group INA; external hex implant/straight abutment, group EXS; external hex implant/angled abutment, group EXA. All specimens were loaded at a 30-degree angle with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min using universal testing machine. The fracture loads were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and independent t-test (α= .05).

    Results

    The mean fracture load for INS was 955.91 N, 933.65 N for INA, 1267.20 N for EXS, and 1405.93 N for EXA. External hex implant showed a significantly higher fracture load, as compared to internal hex implant (P < .001). No significant differences in fracture loads were observed between the straight and angled abutment in internal hex implants (P = .747) and external hex implants (P = .222). Internal hexes of abutments were fractured horizontally in internal connection implants, while lingual cervical neck portions were fractured in external connection implants.

    Conclusion

    The zirconia abutments with external hex implants showed significantly higher fracture strength than those with internal hex implants. However there was no difference in fracture strength between the straight and 17-degree-angled zirconia abutment connected to both implant systems.

    Keywords
    Zirconia; Implant abutment; Angled abutment; Implant abutment connection

    Figures

    Fig. 1
    Schematic drawing of zirconia abutment configuration. (A) ZioCera abutment with internal hex, (B) ZioCera angled abutment with internal hex, (C) ZioCera abutment with external hex, (D) ZioCera angled abutment with external hex, (E) Internal hex dimension, (F) External hex dimension.

    Fig. 2
    Four types of specimens with different connection type and abutment angulation. (A) INS, internal hex implant/straight abutment, (B) INA, internal hex implant/angled abutment, (C) EXS, external hex implant/straight abutment, (D) EXA, external hex implant/angled abutment.

    Fig. 3
    (A) Fracture load test using universal testing machine, (B) Schematic diagram of loading on straight abutment specimen, (C) Schematic diagram of loading on angled abutment specimen.

    Fig. 4
    Fracture modes of zirconia abutments. (A) Internal hex and vertical fracture of INS specimen, (B) Internal hex fracture of INA specimen, (C) Vertical fracture of EXS specimen, (D) Cervical fracture of EXA specimen.

    Fig. 5
    Scanning electron micrographs of specimens (×18). (A) Fractured internal hex, (B) Fractured external hex.

    Tables

    Table 1
    Classification of experimental groups

    Table 2
    Summary of fracture load in experimental groups (N)

    Table 3
    Results for two-way ANOVA

    Notes

    This study was partially supported by Wonkwang University 2017.

    Acknowledgments

    The authors thank Osstem for its generous support to make specimens.

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