Elsevier

The Journal of Nutrition

Volume 141, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 163-168
The Journal of Nutrition

Breakfast Frequency and Quality May Affect Glycemia and Appetite in Adults and Children1231,2,3

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ABSTRACT

Observational studies of breakfast frequency in children and adults suggest an inverse (protective) association between the frequency of eating breakfast and the risk for obesity and chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. More prospective studies with stronger designs are needed, as are experimental studies on this topic. In addition, above and beyond breakfast frequency, the roles of dietary quality and composition need to be studied in the context of eating or skipping breakfast. Experimental studies are also necessary to rigorously test causality and biological mechanisms. Therefore, we conducted 2 pilot experimental studies to examine some of the effects of breakfast skipping and breakfast composition on blood glucose and appetite in children and adults. Our results suggest that breakfast frequency and quality may be related in causal ways to appetite controls and blood sugar control, supporting the hypothesis that the breakfast meal and its quality may have important causal implications for the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Abbreviations used:

AUC
area under the curve
GI
glycemic index
HCHG
high-carbohydrate, high-glycemic index treatment
HCLG
high-carbohydrate,ow-glycemic index treatment
LCHG
low-carbohydrate, high-glycemic index treatment
LCLG
low-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index treatment

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1

Published as a supplement to The Journal of Nutrition. Presented as part of the symposium entitled “Eating Patterns and Energy Balance: A Look at Eating Frequency, Snacking, and Breakfast Omission” given at the Experimental Biology 2009 meeting, April 19, 2009, in New Orleans, LA. This symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Nutrition Energy and Macronutrient Metabolism RIS, and was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from the Ingestive Behavior Research Center at Purdue University. The symposium was chaired by Megan A. McCrory and Wayne W. Campbell. Guest Editor for this symposium publication was Anna Maria Siega-Riz. Guest Editor disclosure: No conflicts to disclose.

2

Supported by the Minnesota Obesity Center, the Minnesota Medical Foundation, and the General Clinical Research Center supported by the NIH.

3

Author disclosures: M. Pereira, E. Erickson, P. McKee, K. Schrankler, S. Raatz,L. Lytle, and A. Pellegrini, no conflicts of interest.