Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is potentially associated with a novel m.5587T>C mutation in two pedigrees

  • Authors:
    • Yanchun Ji
    • Lihua Qiao
    • Xiaoyang Liang
    • Ling Zhu
    • Yinglong Gao
    • Juanjuan  Zhang
    • Zidong Jia
    • Qi‑Ping Wei
    • Xiaoling Liu
    • Pingping Jiang
    • Min‑Xin Guan
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: October 5, 2017     https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7734
  • Pages: 8997-9004
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Mitochondrial (mt)DNA mutations have been revealed to be associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). The present study conducted clinical, genetic and molecular evaluations of two Han Chinese families. A total of 4 (3 men and 1 female) out of 14 matrilineal relatives in the families exhibited visual impairment with variable severity and age of onset. The average age of onset of visual loss was 20.5 years old. Molecular analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome in these pedigrees demonstrated that the three primary mutations associated with LHON were not detected; however, the homoplasmic m.5587T>C mutation was identified, which was localized at the end of the mitochondrially encoded transfer (t)RNA alanine gene and may alter the tertiary structure of this tRNA. Subsequently, this structural alteration may result in tRNA metabolism failure. In addition, distinct sets of mtDNA polymorphisms belonging to haplogroup F1 were detected in both families tested. The findings of the present study suggested that the m.5587T>C mutation may be involved in the pathogenesis of visual impairment. In addition, the mtDNA variant m.15024G>A(p.C93H) in the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome B gene was detected in both families, which exhibited evolutionary conservation, indicating it may serve a potential modifying role in the development of visual impairment associated with m.5587T>C mutation in these families. Furthermore, other modifying factors, including nuclear modifier genes, and environmental and personal factors may also contribute to the development of LHON in subjects carrying this mutation.

Introduction

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a neurodegenerative eye disorder, which is clinically characterized by rapid, painless, bilateral central visual loss, that commonly affects young adults (14). The majority of cases of LHON are the result of one of three primary mutations: m.11778G>A/mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core MT-ND4, m.3460G>A/MT-ND1 or m.14484T>C/MT-ND6 (57), whereas the remaining 5% of cases are caused by rare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and/or other factors. At present, ~40 mutations (www.mitomap.org/foswiki/bin/view/MITOMAP/MutationsLHON), which mainly occur in complex I, have been associated with LHON. Therefore, mtDNA mutations are considered the molecular basis for LHON disease (5,8), and they often present near or at homoplasmy. However, male bias and incomplete penetrance are typical clinical characteristics of LHON, thus indicating that LHON has a complex etiology (9,10). Therefore, mtDNA mutations are considered insufficient to result in the phenotypic expression of LHON, and other modifying determinants, including mitochondrial haplotypes and nuclear genetic backgrounds, and environmental factors, are likely to modulate the phenotypic manifestation of LHON-associated common or rare mtDNA mutations (1114).

LHON is the first disorder that was recognized to be maternally inherited, and is the first to have been attributed to a point mutation in mtDNA (5). In previous investigations, besides the three primary mutations (m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A, m.14484T>C), we identified LHON-associated m.3394T>C/MT-ND1, m.3635G>A/MT-ND1, m.3866T>C/MT-ND1, m.11696G>A/MT-ND4, m.12238T>C/MT-ND5 and m.14502T>C/MT-ND6 mutations (1519). In the present study, the clinical, genetic and molecular features of two Chinese families with maternally transmitted LHON were investigated; the m.5587T>C mutation in the mitochondrially encoded transfer (t)RNA alanine (MT-TA) gene was detected in the families, which lacked the three known primary mutations. To elucidate the role of other genetic factors, including mitochondrial haplotype, in the phenotypic expression of the m.5587T>C mutation, 24 overlapping fragments were used to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of fragments spanning the entire mitochondrial genome and a DNA sequence analysis was subsequently conducted.

Materials and methods

Subjects and ophthalmologic examinations

As shown in Fig. 1, the patients from two Han Chinese families (HZL001 and HZL002) were recruited at the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University (Wenzhou, China) and at Dongfang Hospital (Beijing, China). A total of 376 control DNA samples were obtained from a panel of unaffected subjects with Han Chinese ancestry from the same region. The ophthalmic examinations of the probands and other matrilineal relatives, including visual field test, visual acuity examination, fundus photography, visual evoked potentials and determination of the degree of visual impairment, as well as other clinical evaluations, were conducted as described previously (1113). Blood samples were also obtained from the participants. Written informed consent was obtained from the probands and other affected relatives evaluated, and the present study was approved by the Ethic Committees of Wenzhou Medical University and Zhejiang University (Hangzhou, China).

mtDNA mutational analysis

Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood samples of participants and controls using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini kit (cat. no. 51104; Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). The presence of the m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A and m.14484T>C mutations was detected as previously described (1113). Briefly, DNA fragments of probands and affected members spanning these mtDNA mutations were amplified by PCR using oligodeoxynucleotides corresponding to mtDNA at positions 11,654 to 11,865 for the m.11778G>A mutation, 3,108 to 3,717 for the m.3460G>A mutation, and 14,260 to 14,510 for the m.14484T>C mutation (20). Each fragment was purified by PCR clean-up (cat. no. AP-PCR-50; Axygen; Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) and subsequently analyzed by direct sequencing in an ABI 3700 automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) using the Big Dye Terminator Cycle sequencing reaction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The three fragment sequence results were compared with the updated consensus Cambridge sequence (GenBank accession no. NC_012920) (13).

For detecting the m.5587T>C mutation in the MT-TA gene, PCR amplification using oligodeoxynucleotides corresponding to mtDNA at positions 5,238–6,050 was conducted. The primer pair sequences for PCR were as follows: Forward: 5′-CTAACCGGCTTTTTGCCC-3′ and reverse 5′-ACCTAGAAGGTTGCCTGGCT-3′, which were designed according to a previously described method (20). Subsequently, this fragment was purified and analyzed as aforementioned.

Haplogroup analyses and phylogenetic analysis

The mtDNA sequences of 17 different vertebrates were used to conduct an interspecific analysis as reported previously (1113). The conservation index (CI) was calculated by comparing the human nucleotide variants with the other 16 vertebrates. The CI was used to indicate the percentage of species from the list of 16 different vertebrates that have the wild-type nucleotide at the same position.

The Asian mitochondrial haplogroup of these two probands were determined using online software (www.mitotool.org/genomeRSRS.html) or based on the nomenclature of mitochondrial haplogroups previously reported (21,22).

Results

Clinical presentation

Clinical data for the two Chinese probands are summarized in Table I. The four individuals that were affected by LHON in the two pedigrees comprised one woman and three men. Comprehensive medical histories of the probands confirmed that they suffered from no other clinical abnormalities, including hearing dysfunction, muscular diseases, diabetes and neurological diseases. In pedigree HZL001, the proband (III-5) was first examined at the age of 17 at the Ophthalmology Clinic of Wenzhou Medical University. He started to suffer from bilateral visual loss at the age of 15; he observed a dark cloud in the center of his vision and had difficulty discerning colors, which all appeared dark grey. Visual field test detected a large centrocecal scotomata in both eyes. His visual acuity was oculus dexter, 0.02; and oculus sinister, 0.05. Fundus examination demonstrated that both of his optic discs were abnormal: Vascular tortuosity of the central retinal vessels, circumpapillary telangiectatic microangiopathy and swelling of the retinal nerve fiber layer were detected. These findings indicated that the patient exhibited the typical clinical features of LHON. In addition, his uncle (II-1) and grandmother (I-2) exhibited visual loss, as presented in Table I. In family HZL002, the proband (III-1) exhibited bilateral visual loss from the age of 6. He was diagnosed with LHON by the Ophthalmology Clinic at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology (Beijing, China). The visual field test detected a large centrocecal scotomata in both eyes. His visual acuity was 0.1 in both eyes. In addition, both optic discs were abnormal, as determined by fundus examination: Vascular tortuosity of the central retinal vessels, circumpapillary telangiectatic microangiopathy and swelling of the retinal nerve fiber layer were detected. These findings indicated that the patient exhibited the typical clinical features of LHON. Conversely, none of the other six matrilineal relatives in HZL001 exhibited visual loss.

Table I.

Summary of clinical data for four patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy from two pedigrees carrying the m.5587T>C mutation.

Table I.

Summary of clinical data for four patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy from two pedigrees carrying the m.5587T>C mutation.

SubjectSexAge of test (years)Age of onset (years)Visual acuity, rightaVisual acuity, leftaLevel of visual impairment
HZL001-III-5F1715   0.020.05Severe
HZL001-II-1M4229   0.01CF/30 cmProfound
HZL001-I-2M65320.20.1Mild
HZL002-III-1M11  60.10.1Moderate

a According to the national standard visual acuity chart (41). F, female; M, male; CF, counting fingers.

mtDNA analysis

To explore the molecular basis of visual loss in the two pedigrees, a mutational analysis of the mitochondrial genome in the two Chinese families was conducted. Initially, three well known LHON-associated mtDNA mutations (m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A and m.14484T>C) were detected by PCR amplification and restriction enzyme digestion analysis of PCR fragments derived from each proband (data not shown). The m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A and m.14484T>C mutations were not detected. Subsequently, PCR amplification of fragments spanning the entire mitochondrial genome and a DNA sequence analysis was conducted using DNA obtained from the two probands and the affected matrilineal relatives. The homoplasmic m.5587T>C mutation was detected (Fig. 2A). The m.5587T>C mutation refers to a T to C transition at position 5,587 in the MT-TA gene, which is localized in the end of the MT-TA gene (position 73; Fig. 2B), and was detected in the two pedigrees evaluated in the present study. As shown in Table II, this point at position 73 in the MT-TA gene is highly conserved among all 17 organisms analyzed, with the exception of Hylobates lar. Notably, the m.5587T>C mutation has been reported to be associated with progressive unstable gait, dysarthria, hearing loss, muscle cramps and myalgia (23,24). Further analysis of this gene fragment sequence, demonstrated that the homoplasmic m.5587T>C mutation was detected in matrilineal relatives of the two families but not in non-matrilineal relatives (data not shown). Furthermore, none of the 376 unrelated Chinese control subjects carried the m.5587T>C mutation.

Table II.

Alignment of the MT-TA gene from 17 different species. Position 73 is the location of the m.5587T>C mutation.

Table II.

Alignment of the MT-TA gene from 17 different species. Position 73 is the location of the m.5587T>C mutation.

SpeciesAcc-stem, pos 1Pos 8D-stem, pos 10D-loop, pos 14D-stem, pos 22Pos 26Ac-stem, Pos 27Anticd-loop, Pos 32Ac-stem, Pos 39V-region, Pos 44T-stem, Pos 49T-loop, Pos 54T-stem, Pos 61Acc-stem, Pos 66CCA tail, Pos 73
Cebus albifronsGAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTAGTTGATTTGCGTTCAATTGATGCAAGGTATAGTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Cercopithecus aethiopsAGGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGTTGATTTGCGTTCAATTGATGCAGAGTAGGTTTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Colobus guerezaAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATGAAAGTGATTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCAGAGTAGAGTTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Gorilla gorillaAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGCTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCAGAGTAGGGTTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Homo sapiensAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGCTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCAGAGTGGGGTTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Hylobates larAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGACTGATTTGCGTTCGGTTGATGCAAAGTGGGCTTTGCAGTCCTTG
Lemur cattaGAGGATTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGATTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGTAAGATATAATCTTGCAGTCCTTA
Macaca mulattaAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGTTGATTTGCGTTCAATTGATGCAGAGTAGGTGTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Macaca sylvanusAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTAGTTGATTTGCGTTCAATTGATGCAGAGCAGGTGTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Nycticebus coucangGAGGACTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTAATTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGTAGGAGAAGTCTTGCAGTCCTTA
Pan paniscusAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGCTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCAGAGTGGGGTTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Pan troglodytesAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGCTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCAGAGTGGGGTTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Papio hamadryasAAGGGCTTAGTTTAATTAAAGCGATTGATTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCGGAGTAGGTGTCTGCAGTCCTTA
Pongo pygmaeusGAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGCTGATTTGCGCTCAGTTGATGCAAAGTGGGGTTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Pongo pygmaeus abeliiGAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTGGCTGGTTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCAGAGCGGGGCTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Tarsius bancanusGAGGACTTAGCTTAAGTTAAAGTAGCTAATTTGCAGTTAGTTGATGTAGAGTGAGTCTTTGCAGTCCTTA
Trachypithecus bscurusAAGGGCTTAGCTTAATTAAAGTAACTGGTTTGCGTTCAGTTGATGCAGAATGAGATTCTGTAGTCCTTA

[i] Pos, position.

As presented in Tables II and III, in addition to the m.5587T>C mutation, which exhibited evolutionary conservation among 17 organisms, there are many mtDNA polymorphic loci in the two families investigated in the present study. Of the other identified nucleotide alterations in these two mitochondrial genomes, there were 15 known variants in the D-loop, two known variants in the 12S ribosomal (r)RNA gene, one known variant in the 16S rRNA gene, 23 silent variants (one novel) in protein-encoding genes, and seven missense mutations in protein-encoding genes. The missense mutations were as follows: m.8860A>G(p.T112A) in the mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 gene, m.10609T>C(p.M47T) in the MT-ND4 L gene, m.12406G>A(p.V24I) and m.13928G>C(p.S531T) in the MT-ND5 gene, m.14766C>T(p.T7I), m.15024G>A (p.C93H) and m.15326A>G(p.T194A) in the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome B (MT-CYB) gene. Subsequently, these RNA and polypeptide variants were further assessed by phylogenetic analysis of these variants and sequences from other organisms, including mice (25), cows (26) and Xenopus laevis (27). The mtDNA variant m.15024G>A(p.C93H) in the MT-CYB gene exhibited evolutionary conservation among the four organisms. However, none of the other variants exhibited evolutionary conservation, suggesting that these variants may not be functionally significant. Based on the nomenclature of mitochondrial haplogroups, the mtDNA sequence variations among two Chinese probands were used to establish the haplogroup affiliation of each mtDNA (23,24). In the present study, the mtDNAs of the two pedigrees belonged to haplogroup F1.

Table III.

mtDNA variants in two Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Table III.

mtDNA variants in two Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

GenePositionReplacementConservation (H/B/M/X)CRSHZL001HZL002Previously reporteda
D-loop73A-G AGGYes
150C-T C TYes
195T-C T CYes
204T-C TC Yes
207G-A GA Yes
215A-G AG Yes
249delA AdeldelYes
263A-G AGGYes
310T-CTC TCTCCTCYes
522Del C CDel Yes
523Del A ADel Yes
16,183A-C AC Yes
16,189T-C TC Yes
16,304T-C TCCYes
16,519T-C TCCYes
MT-RNR1750A-GA/A/A/-AGGYes
1,438A-GA/A/A/GAGGYes
MT-RNR22,706A-GA/G/A/AAGGYes
MT-ND13,970C-T CTTYes
MT-ND24,769A-G AGGYes
5,201T-C TC Yes
MT-TA5,587T-CT/T/-/TTCCYes
MT-CO16,182G-A G AYes
6,392T-C TCCYes
6,962G-A GAAYes
7,028C-T CTTYes
MT-CO28,149A-G A GYes
8,152G-A GA Yes
MT-ATP68,860A-G(Thr-Ala)T/A/A/TAGGYes
9,165T-C T CYes
MT-CO310,310G-A GAAYes
MT-ND4L10,490T-C TC Yes
10,609T-C(Met-Thr)M/T/T/TTCCYes
MT-ND411,471C-T C TYes
11,719G-A GAAYes
MT-ND512,406G-A(Val-Ile)V/F/S/FGAAYes
12,882C-T CTTYes
13,707G-A GA Yes
13,928G-C(Ser-Thr)S/T/S/TGCCYes
MT-CYB14,766C-T(Thr-Ile)T/S/T/SCTTYes
15,024G-A(Cys-His)C/C/C/CGAANo
15,326A-G(Thr-Ala)T/M/I/IAGGYes

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn3-mmr-16-06-8997'] } Conservation of amino acids in polypeptides or nucleotides in RNA in humans (H), cows (B), mice (M) and Xenopus laevis (X). CRS, Cambridge reference sequence.

a As presented in online mitochondrial genome databases: www.mitomap.org and www.genpat.uu.se/mtDB.

Discussion

In the present study, the genetic, clinical and molecular features of two Chinese pedigrees with LHON were reported. The primary characteristic of LHON is bilateral visual loss, which was only present in the maternal lineage of the pedigrees evaluated, thus suggesting that mtDNA mutations are the molecular basis for this disorder. Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of these pedigrees demonstrated that the three primary mutations associated with LHON were not present; however, distinct mtDNA polymorphisms and the m.5587T>C mutation in the MT-TA gene were detected in both pedigrees. Notably, this homoplasmic mutation was only present in the maternal lineage of the pedigrees, but not in the other members of these families. Position 73 is evolutionarily conserved in the MT-TA gene. This mutation may influence the 3′ end sequences of the amino acid arm of tRNA; amino acids linked affect the tRNA structure and infer structural changes. Therefore, this mutation may affect the efficiency of amino acid translation, hinder protein synthesis and induce mitochondrial dysfunction; in particular it may affect encoding of the compound enzyme that initiates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation required for respiratory chain and enzyme activity. In response to abnormal oxidative phosphorylation, a series of pathological alterations may be induced, including production of oxygen free radicals and a reduction in the use of nitric oxide. In addition, this mutation may have a potential modifying role in deafness by worsening m.7505T>C mutation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction (23). Furthermore, in a previous study, a 28-year-old woman that carried this mutation presented with a 16-year history of progressive unstable gait, dysarthria, hearing loss, muscle cramps and myalgia (24). Notably, in the present study, the presence of the m.5587T>C mutation in the two genetically different pedigrees, both influenced by visual loss, indicated that this mutation may be associated with the pathogenesis of visual loss.

In these two families, the age of onset for visual impairment ranged between 6 and 32 years old (average, 20.5 years old). Previous studies confirmed that the age of onset for visual impairment in the two pedigrees harboring the m.5587T>C mutation was similar to that in other Chinese families with LHON carrying the m.11778G>A mutation (2832). In contrast, a number of Chinese subjects carrying the m.11778G>A mutation, which exhibited profound visual loss, the affected subjects carrying the m.5587T>C mutation suffered from mild to profound visual impairment, similar to that exhibited in patients carrying m.3394T>C, m.3635G>A, m.3866T>C, m.11696G>A, m.12238T>C and m.14502T>C mutations (1519,33). Furthermore, there is a high penetrance of visual loss in some Chinese subjects harboring the m.11778G>A mutation (28,29,3134); however, the penetrance of visual impairment was very low in the two Chinese pedigrees carrying the m.5587T>C mutation. In addition, the m.5587T>C mutation was not detected in the 376 Chinese control subjects. Similar to the three common mutations, and m.3394T>C, m.33635G>A, m.3866T>C, m.11696G>A, m.12238T>C and m.14502T>C mutations (1519), the incomplete penetrance of visual loss associated with the m.5587T>C mutation, and the lack of the mutation in any of the 376 control subjects, indicated that the m.5587T>C mutation is itself insufficient to result in the clinical phenotype. These findings suggested that other modifying factors, including mitochondrial haplotype, environmental factors and nuclear background are required for the phenotypic manifestation of the m.5587T>C mutation. In particular, mitochondrial haplotypes have been reported to influence the penetrance and expressivity of visual loss associated with primary mtDNA mutations. Therefore, secondary LHON mutations, such as m.4216T>C and m.13708G>A, have been implicated to increase the penetrance of LHON-associated primary m.11778G>A or m.14484T>C mutations (35). In addition, in a large cohort of subjects with European ancestry, the mitochondrial haplogroup J was able to affect the phenotypic manifestation of LHON-associated m.11778G>A and m.14484T>C mutations (36,37). Furthermore, the m.11696G>A, m.14502T>C, m.15951A>G and m.4435A>G mutations have been reported to increase LHON penetrance in Chinese subjects (28,31,38). In the two pedigrees evaluated in the present study, the mtDNA variants p.C93H in the MT-CYB gene exhibited evolutionary conservation; however, other known mutations were not detected in the LHON pedigrees. This mtDNA variant may have a potential modifying role in the development of visual impairment associated with the m.5587T>C mutation in these two pedigrees.

It has been suggested that mitochondrial haplotypes may affect the penetrance and expressivity of LHON associated with the three primary mutations (m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A and m.14484T>C). In European pedigrees, mitochondrial haplogroup J may raise the risk of LHON-associated m.11778G>A or m.14484T>C mutations (14,39), whereas haplogroup K may aggrandize the penetrance of primary LHON-associated m.3460G>A mutation (14). Conversely, haplogroup H may reduce the risk of LHON-associated m.11778G>A mutation (14). In addition, the haplogroup M7b1′2 significantly increases the occurrence of LHON, whereas the haplogroup M8a has a protective effect in Chinese pedigrees (40). In the two families analyzed in the present study, the mitochondrial genomes of the HZL001 and HZL002 pedigrees belonged to the Eastern Asian haplogroup F1. However, since data from only two families were analyzed, and due to the lack of a large data analysis, the role the mitochondrial haplotype serves in the two families cannot be fully explained. In addition, nuclear modifier genes, including the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 2 gene in Chinese families (11), or environmental factors, may have an important role in the phenotypic expression of the LHON-associated m.5587T>C mutation in the two Chinese pedigrees. Thus, the results of the present study may provide novel insights into the understanding of clinical diagnosis and valuable information on the management of LHON.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31471191, 81400434 and 31601025); the College Students' Science and Technology Innovation (Xinmiao Talents Program) in Zhejiang province (grant no. 2015R401217); and a general financial grant from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2016M591986).

References

1 

Rasool N, Lessell S and Cestari DM: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: Bringing the lab to the clinic. Semin Ophthalmol. 31:107–116. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kirches E: LHON: Mitochondrial mutations and more. Curr Genomics. 12:44–54. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Yu-Wai-Man P, Griffiths PG, Hudson G and Chinnery PF: Inherited mitochondrial optic neuropathies. J Med Genet. 46:145–158. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Carelli V, La Morgia C, Valentino ML, Barboni P, Ross-Cisneros FN and Sadun AA: Retinal ganglion cell neurodegeneration in mitochondrial inherited disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1787:518–528. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wallace DC, Singh G, Lott MT, Hodge JA, Schurr TG, Lezza AM, Elsas LJ II and Nikoskelainen EK: Mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Science. 242:1427–1430. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Huoponen K, Vilkki J, Aula P, Nikoskelainen EK and Savontaus ML: A new mtDNA mutation associated with Leber hereditary optic neuroretinopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 48:1147–1153. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Johns DR, Neufeld MJ and Park RD: An ND-6 mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 187:1551–1557. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Howell N: LHON and other optic nerve atrophies: The mitochondrial connection. Dev Ophthalmol. 37:94–108. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Yu-Wai-Man P, Griffiths PG and Chinnery PF: Mitochondrial optic neuropathies-disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res. 30:81–114. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Qu J, Li R, Tong Y, Hu Y, Zhou X, Qian Y, Lu F and Guan MX: Only male matrilineal relatives with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in a large Chinese family carrying the mitochondrial DNA G11778A mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 328:1139–1145. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Jiang P, Jin X, Peng Y, Wang M, Liu H, Liu X, Zhang Z, Ji Y, Zhang J, Liang M, et al: The exome sequencing identified the mutation in YARS2 encoding the mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase as a nuclear modifier for the phenotypic manifestation of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy-associated mitochondrial DNA mutation. Hum Mol Genet. 25:584–596. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Jiang P, Liang M, Zhang J, Gao Y, He Z, Yu H, Zhao F, Ji Y, Liu X, Zhang M, et al: Prevalence of mitochondrial ND4 mutations in 1281 Han Chinese subjects with leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56:4778–4788. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Liang M, Jiang P, Li F, Zhang J, Ji Y, He Y, Xu M, Zhu J, Meng X, Zhao F, et al: Frequency and spectrum of mitochondrial ND6 mutations in 1218 Han Chinese subjects with leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 55:1321–1331. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hudson G, Carelli V, Spruijt L, Gerards M, Mowbray C, Achilli A, Pyle A, Elson J, Howell N, La Morgia C, et al: Clinical expression of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is affected by the mitochondrial DNA-haplogroup background. Am J Hum Genet. 81:228–233. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Liang M, Guan M, Zhao F, Zhou X, Yuan M, Tong Y, Yang L, Wei QP, Sun YH, Lu F, et al: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial ND1 T3394C mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 383:286–292. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Zhang J, Jiang P, Jin X, Liu X, Zhang M, Xie S, Gao M, Zhang S, Sun YH, Zhu J, et al: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy caused by the homoplasmic ND1 m.3635G>A mutation in nine Han Chinese families. Mitochondrion. 18:18–26. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zhou X, Qian Y, Zhang J, Tong Y, Jiang P, Liang M, Dai X, Zhou H, Zhao F, Ji Y, et al: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with the T3866C mutation in mitochondrial ND1 gene in three Han Chinese families. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 53:4586–4594. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Zhou X, Wei Q, Yang L, Tong Y, Zhao F, Lu C, Qian Y, Sun Y, Lu F, Qu J and Guan MX: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with the mitochondrial ND4 G11696A mutation in five Chinese families. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 340:69–75. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Zhao F, Guan M, Zhou X, Yuan M, Liang M, Liu Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Tong Y, et al: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial ND6 T14502C mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 389:466–472. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM and Howell N: Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet. 23:1471999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Sun C, Yao YG, Salas A, Achilli A, Wang CY, Zhong L, Zhu CL, Wu SF, et al: Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: A prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations. Hum Mol Genet. 15:2076–2086. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tanaka M, Cabrera VM, González AM, Larruga JM, Takeyasu T, Fuku N, Guo LJ, Hirose R, Fujita Y, Kurata M, et al: Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan. Genome Res. 14:1832–1850. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Tang X, Li R, Zheng J, Cai Q, Zhang T, Gong S, Zheng W, He X, Zhu Y, Xue L, et al: Maternally inherited hearing loss is associated with the novel mitochondrial tRNA Ser (UCN) 7505T>C mutation in a Han Chinese family. Mol Genet Metab. 100:57–64. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Crimi M, Sciacco M, Galbiati S, Bordoni A, Malferrari G, Del Bo R, Biunno I, Bresolin N and Comi GP: A collection of 33 novel human mtDNA homoplasmic variants. Hum Mutat. 20:4092002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Bibb MJ, Van Etten RA, Wright CT, Walberg MW and Clayton DA: Sequence and gene organization of mouse mitochondrial DNA. Cell. 26:167–180. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Gadaleta G, Pepe G, De Candia G, Quagliariello C, Sbisà E and Saccone C: The complete nucleotide sequence of the Rattus norvegicus mitochondrial genome: Cryptic signals revealed by comparative analysis between vertebrates. J Mol Evol. 28:497–516. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Roe BA, Ma DP, Wilson RK and Wong JF: The complete nucleotide sequence of the Xenopus laevis mitochondrial genome. J Biol Chem. 260:9759–9774. 1985.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Qu J, Li R, Zhou X, Tong Y, Lu F, Qian Y, Hu Y, Mo JQ, West CE and Guan MX: The novel A4435 G mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAMet may modulate the phenotypic expression of the LHON-associated ND4 G11778A mutation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47:475–483. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Qu J, Li R, Zhou X, Tong Y, Yang L, Chen J, Zhao F, Lu C, Qian Y, Lu F and Guan MX: Cosegregation of the ND4 G11696A mutation with the LHON-associated ND4 G11778A mutation in a four generation Chinese family. Mitochondrion. 7:140–146. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Qu J, Zhou X, Zhang J, Zhao F, Sun YH, Tong Y, Wei QP, Cai W, Yang L, West CE and Guan MX: Extremely low penetrance of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in 8 Han Chinese families carrying the ND4 G11778A mutation. Ophthalmology. 116:558–564. e3. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Li R, Qu J, Zhou X, Tong Y, Hu Y, Qian Y, Lu F, Mo JQ, West CE and Guan MX: The mitochondrial tRNA(Thr) A15951G mutation may influence the phenotypic expression of the LHON-associated ND4 G11778A mutation in a Chinese family. Gene. 376:79–86. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Xie S, Zhang J, Sun J, Zhang M, Zhao F, Wei QP, Tong Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Jiang P, et al: Mitochondrial haplogroup D4j specific variant m.11696G>A(MT-ND4) may increase the penetrance and expressivity of the LHON-associated m.11778G>A mutation in Chinese pedigrees. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal. 28:434–441. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Liu XL, Zhou X, Zhou J, Zhao F, Zhang J, Li C, Ji Y, Zhang Y, Wei QP, Sun YH, et al: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with the T12338C mutation in mitochondrial ND5 gene in six Han Chinese families. Ophthalmology. 118:978–985. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Zhou X, Zhang H, Zhao F, Ji Y, Tong Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang L, Qian Y, Lu F, et al: Very high penetrance and occurrence of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in a large Han Chinese pedigree carrying the ND4 G11778A mutation. Mol Genet Metab. 100:379–384. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Torroni A, Petrozzi M, D'Urbano L, Sellitto D, Zeviani M, Carrara F, Carducci C, Leuzzi V, Carelli V, Barboni P, et al: Haplotype and phylogenetic analyses suggest that one European-specific mtDNA background plays a role in the expression of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy by increasing the penetrance of the primary mutations 11778 and 14484. Am J Hum Genet. 60:1107–1121. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Brown MD, Starikovskaya E, Derbeneva O, Hosseini S, Allen JC, Mikhailovskaya IE, Sukernik RI and Wallace DC: The role of mtDNA background in disease expression: A new primary LHON mutation associated with Western Eurasian haplogroup J. Hum Genet. 110:130–138. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Howell N, Oostra RJ, Bolhuis PA, Spruijt L, Clarke LA, Mackey DA, Preston G and Herrnstadt C: Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial genomes from Dutch pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Hum Genet. 72:1460–1469. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Jiang P, Liang M, Zhang C, Zhao X, He Q, Cui L, Liu X, Sun YH, Fu Q, Ji Y, et al: Biochemical evidence for a mitochondrial genetic modifier in the phenotypic manifestation of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy-associated mitochondrial DNA mutation. Hum Mol Genet. 25:3613–3625. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Brown MD, Sun F and Wallace DC: Clustering of Caucasian Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients containing the 11778 or 14484 mutations on an mtDNA lineage. Am J Hum Genet. 60:381–387. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Ji Y, Zhang AM, Jia X, Zhang YP, Xiao X, Li S, Guo X, Bandelt HJ, Zhang Q and Yao YG: Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups M7b1′2 and M8a affect clinical expression of leber hereditary optic neuropathy in Chinese families with the m.11778G>a mutation. Am J Hum Genet. 83:760–768. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Bailey IL and Lovie JE: New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 53:740–745. 1976. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

December-2017
Volume 16 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 1791-2997
Online ISSN:1791-3004

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ji Y, Qiao L, Liang X, Zhu L, Gao Y, Zhang J, Jia Z, Wei QP, Liu X, Jiang P, Jiang P, et al: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is potentially associated with a novel m.5587T>C mutation in two pedigrees. Mol Med Rep 16: 8997-9004, 2017
APA
Ji, Y., Qiao, L., Liang, X., Zhu, L., Gao, Y., Zhang, J. ... Guan, M. (2017). Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is potentially associated with a novel m.5587T>C mutation in two pedigrees. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16, 8997-9004. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7734
MLA
Ji, Y., Qiao, L., Liang, X., Zhu, L., Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Jia, Z., Wei, Q., Liu, X., Jiang, P., Guan, M."Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is potentially associated with a novel m.5587T>C mutation in two pedigrees". Molecular Medicine Reports 16.6 (2017): 8997-9004.
Chicago
Ji, Y., Qiao, L., Liang, X., Zhu, L., Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Jia, Z., Wei, Q., Liu, X., Jiang, P., Guan, M."Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is potentially associated with a novel m.5587T>C mutation in two pedigrees". Molecular Medicine Reports 16, no. 6 (2017): 8997-9004. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7734