Fig. 1Flow diagram of inclusion and exclusion criteria in the Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study. A total of 1,375 individuals were included in this study. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; VAI, visceral adiposity index.
Table 1Age-Adjusted Mean±SE and Proportions of Selected Baseline Characteristics in 281 Participants Who Did Develop HTN and 1,136 Who Did Not Develop HTN
Variable |
Progressed to HTN |
Did not progress to HTN |
Age, yr |
44.8±0.38 |
42.0±0.19a
|
Height, cm |
159.3±0.50 |
159.7±0.24 |
Weight, kg |
75.5±0.69 |
72.1±0.34a
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
29.7±0.24 |
28.3±0.12a
|
Waist circumference, cm |
90.8±0.55 |
87.5±0.27a
|
Waist-to-hip ratio |
0.83±0.004 |
0.82±0.002b
|
Hip circumference, cm |
109.2±0.52 |
106.4±0.26a
|
Waist-to-height ratio |
0.57±0.003 |
0.55±0.002a
|
Follow-up duration, yr |
7.9±0.13 |
7.2±0.06a
|
SBP, mm Hg |
115.0±0.66 |
109.5±0.32a
|
DBP, mm Hg |
74.2±0.54 |
71.4±0.26a
|
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
95.7±0.71 |
95.0±0.35 |
Plasma glucose, mg/dL |
|
|
At 30 minutes |
147.6±1.92 |
141.5±0.95c
|
At 60 minutes |
151.6±2.61 |
146.5±1.28 |
At 120 minutes |
121.2±1.98 |
118.3±0.98 |
HbA1c, % |
5.0±0.05 |
5.0±0.02 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
174.3±5.44 |
155.3±2.67c
|
Cholesterol, mg/dL |
196.1±2.32 |
193.8±1.14 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
45.0±0.74 |
45.6±0.36 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
116.9±2.10 |
118.3±1.01 |
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL |
150.6±2.24 |
148.3±1.08 |
Visceral adiposity index |
3.1±0.12 |
2.7±0.06c
|
Women |
75.2 |
75.6 |
Normal (BMI <25 kg/m2) |
11.1 |
19.6a
|
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) |
47.3 |
50.0a
|
Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) |
41.6 |
30.4a
|
Abdominal obesity |
46.4 |
32.4a
|
Normal waist and normal triglycerides |
26.7 |
44.1a
|
Normal waist and high triglycerides |
27.4 |
24.0a
|
Enlarged waist and normal triglycerides |
23.8 |
17.4a
|
Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype |
22.1 |
14.6a
|
Table 2Age and Age-Adjusted Mean±SE and Proportions of the Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Visceral Adiposity Index Quintile
Characteristic |
Total |
Visceral adiposity index at baseline |
1st quintile (≤1.36) |
2nd quintile (1.37–1.91) |
3rd quintile (1.92–2.62) |
4th quintile (2.63–3.71) |
5th quintile (≥3.72) |
Participants |
1,362 (100) |
273 (20.0) |
270 (19.8) |
274 (20.1) |
272 (20.0) |
273 (20.0) |
Age, yr |
42.5±0.15 |
41.7±0.38 |
42.3±0.38 |
42.6±0.38 |
43.3±0.38 |
42.8±0.38 |
Height, cm |
159.6±0.20 |
159.1±0.50 |
160.1±0.50 |
159.7±0.50 |
159.7±0.50 |
159.6±0.50 |
Weight, kg |
72.9±0.28 |
69.9±0.69 |
72.2±0.69 |
73.7±0.69 |
73.5±0.69 |
75.2±0.69a
|
Waist circumference, cm |
88.3±0.23 |
85.0±0.54 |
86.7±0.54 |
88.7±0.53 |
89.5±0.54 |
91.4±0.54a
|
Hip circumference, cm |
107.1±0.21 |
105.5±0.52 |
106.4±0.52 |
107.6±0.51 |
107.6±0.52 |
108.3±0.52b
|
Waist-to-hip ratio |
0.83±0.002 |
0.81±0.004 |
0.82±0.004 |
0.83±0.004 |
0.83±0.004 |
0.85±0.004a
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
28.6±0.10 |
27.7±0.24 |
28.2±0.24 |
28.9±0.24 |
28.8±0.24 |
29.5±0.24a
|
Waist-to-height ratio |
0.55±0.001 |
0.54±0.003 |
0.54±0.003 |
0.56±0.003 |
0.56±0.003 |
0.57±0.003a
|
FPG, mg/dL |
95.5±0.02 |
94.9±0.72 |
95.1±0.72 |
95.7±0.72 |
95.2±0.72 |
96.3±0.72 |
Plasma glucose, mg/dL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
At 30 minutes |
142.9±0.04 |
139.4±1.91 |
140.2±1.93 |
145.0±1.93 |
142.4±1.90 |
147.9±1.95c
|
At 60 minutes |
148.0±0.02 |
139.9±2.56 |
142.7±2.58 |
149.2±2.60 |
150.2±2.58 |
157.8±2.59a
|
At 120 minutes |
119.5±0.05 |
114.7±1.99 |
116.0±1.99 |
120.5±1.98 |
119.2±2.00 |
126.9±1.99a
|
HbA1c, % |
5.0±0.02 |
5.0±0.05 |
5.0±0.05 |
5.0±0.05 |
5.0±0.05 |
5.1±0.05 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL |
194.9±0.03 |
186.6±2.29 |
193.6±2.29 |
197.0±2.28 |
198.4±2.29 |
199.0±2.28b
|
LDL-C, mg/dL |
118.5±0.03 |
114.2±1.98 |
122.0±1.98 |
124.3±1.97 |
121.7±1.98 |
109.4±2.09a
|
HDL-C, mg/dL |
45.5±0.007 |
56.0±0.60 |
49.0±0.60 |
44.7±0.60 |
41.3±0.60 |
36.4±0.60a
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
159.2±0.03 |
82.3±3.86 |
113.1±3.87 |
139.7±3.84 |
177.2±3.86 |
283.3±3.85a
|
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL |
3.9±0.02 |
3.4±0.05 |
3.7±0.05 |
3.9±0.05 |
4.1±0.05 |
4.2±0.05a
|
SBP, mm Hg |
110.6±0.39 |
108.6±0.67 |
109.9±0.68 |
110.4±0.67 |
111.3±0.67 |
112.8±0.67a
|
DBP, mm Hg |
71.9±0.29 |
70.6±0.54 |
71.3±0.55 |
72.0±0.5 |
72.2±0.54 |
73.2±0.54c
|
Visceral adiposity index |
2.8±0.05 |
1.0±0.07 |
1.6±0.07 |
2.3±0.07 |
3.1±0.07 |
5.8±0.07a
|
Women |
1,042 (75.8) |
209 (76.0) |
209 (76.0) |
212 (77.1) |
209 (76.0) |
203 (73.8) |
Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) |
1,128 (82.3) |
198 (72.0) |
217 (79.5) |
230 (83.6) |
238 (86.9) |
245 (89.7)a
|
Abdominal obesity |
490 (35.6) |
69 (25.1) |
86 (31.3) |
92 (33.5) |
117 (42.5) |
126 (45.8)a
|
Hypertriglyceridemic waist |
235 (17.1) |
0 |
4 (1.5) |
23 (8.4) |
86 (31.3) |
122 (44.4)a
|
Table 3Age- and Gender-Adjusted Correlations between the Visceral Adiposity Index and Metabolic Parameters
Parameter |
Correlation coefficient |
Waist circumference, cm |
0.250a
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
0.154a
|
Waist-to-hip ratio |
0.241a
|
Age, yr |
0.041 |
SBP, mm Hg |
0.119a
|
DBP, mm Hg |
0.094b
|
HbA1c, % |
–0.007 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
0.026 |
Plasma glucose, mg/dL |
|
At 30 minutes |
0.070c
|
At 60 minutes |
0.140a
|
At 120 minutes |
0.139a
|
Cholesterol, mg/dL |
0.034 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
–0.122a
|
HDL-C, mg/dL |
–0.559a
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
0.856a
|
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL |
0.225a
|
Table 4Incidence Rates and ORa of Hypertension by Visceral Adiposity Index Quintile
Variable |
Visceral adiposity index at baseline |
1st quintile (≤1.36) |
2nd quintile (1.37–1.91) |
3rd quintile (1.92–2.62) |
4th quintile (2.63–3.71) |
5th quintile (≥3.72) |
No. of cases (%) |
42 (15.8) |
46 (17.0) |
44 (16.5) |
57 (21.3) |
66 (24.7) |
Person-years |
2,021 |
2,013 |
1,983 |
1,987 |
1,950 |
Incidence/1,000 person-years, OR (95% CI) |
20.8 (15.0–28.0) |
22.9 (16.8–30.3) |
22.2 (16.2–29.7) |
28.7 (21.8–37.0) |
33.8 (26.3–42.9) |
OR (95% CI) |
|
|
|
|
|
Unadjusted |
1.00 |
1.10 (0.69–1.73) |
1.06 (0.67–1.68) |
1.45 (0.93–2.25) |
1.75 (1.14–2.70)b
|
Gender-adjusted |
1.00 |
1.10 (0.69–1.73) |
1.06 (0.67–1.68) |
1.45 (0.93–2.25) |
1.75 (1.14–2.69)b
|
Age- and gender-adjusted |
1.00 |
1.08 (0.68–1.71) |
1.01 (0.63–1.61) |
1.33 (0.85–2.08) |
1.65 (1.07–2.55)b
|
Age-, gender-, and FPG-adjusted |
1.00 |
1.07 (0.68–1.70) |
1.00 (0.63–1.60) |
1.32 (0.85–2.07) |
1.65 (1.06–2.55)b
|
Table 5Incidence Rates and ORa of Hypertension by the Four Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype Groups, the Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study
Variable |
Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype groups |
NWNT |
NWHT |
EWNT |
HTGW |
No. of cases (%) |
75 (12.9) |
77 (21.9) |
67 (25.2) |
62 (27.1) |
Person-years |
4,417 |
2,612 |
1,997 |
1,699 |
Incidence/1000 person-years (95% CI) |
17.0 (13.2–20.8) |
29.5 (23.4–36.7) |
33.6 (26.1–42.4) |
36.5 (28.1–46.6) |
OR (95% CI) |
|
|
|
|
Unadjusted |
1.00 |
1.89 (1.33–2.68)b
|
2.27 (1.57–3.28)b
|
2.50 (1.71–6.65)b
|
Gender-adjusted |
1.00 |
1.85 (1.30–2.64)c
|
2.30 (1.59–3.34)b
|
2.52 (1.72–3.69)b
|
Age- and gender-adjusted |
1.00 |
1.75 (1.22–2.51)c
|
2.33 (1.59–3.40)b
|
2.27 (1.54–3.35)b
|
Age-, gender-, and FPG-adjusted |
1.00 |
1.75 (1.22–2.50)c
|
2.32 (1.58–3.40)b
|
2.29 (1.55–3.38)b
|