Abstract
In this study, we examined the neural basis of decision making under different types of uncertainty that involve missing information: ambiguity (vague probabilities) and sample space ignorance (SSI; unknown outcomes). fMRI revealed that these two different types of uncertainty recruit distinct neural substrates: Ambiguity recruits the left insula, whereas SSI recruits the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. The finding of unique activations for different types of uncertainty may not necessarily be predicted within the reductive approach of modern theories of decision making under uncertainty, because these theories purport that humans reduce more complicated uncertain environments to subjectively formed less complicated ones (i.e., SSI to ambiguity). The predictions of the reductive view held only for ambiguityaverse individuals and not for ambiguity-tolerant individuals. Consequently, theories of decision making under uncertainty should include individual tolerance for missing information and how these individual differences modulate the neural systems engaged during decision making. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
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This research was supported by Grants P50 DA005312, R01 HD052724, and P20 RR015592 from the Research Foundation of the University of Kentucky and from the National Institutes of Health.
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Pushkarskaya, H., Liu, X., Smithson, M. et al. Beyond risk and ambiguity: Deciding under ignorance. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 10, 382–391 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.3.382
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.3.382