초록

지금부터 꼭 20년 전인 1995년, Timothy McVeigh라는 미국의 반정부적 성향의 과격분자(militant)가 폭발물을 만재한 트럭을 몰고 오클라호마 시내로 달려가 9층 높이의 Alfred P. Murray 연방건물을 폭파하여 19명의 어린이를 포함한 168명의 무고한 인명이 살해되고 수백명이 부상당하는 참극이 벌어졌다. 최근 미국에서의 공적 담론( ublic discourse)이IS(Islamic State)나 그 밖의 극단주의 집단들이 자행할 수 있는 새로운 위협에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 하지만, 최근 미국의 국토안보부 장관은 2001년 9/11 테러가 발생하기 전부터도 미국 내에 잠복하고 있는, 소위 ‘론 울프(lone-wolf)’로 알려진 자생적 테러리스트들의위험을 더욱 우려한다고 증언했다. 비록 론 울프의 정의는 시대에 따라 가변적이지만, FBI 에 의하면 백인 우월주의 집단과 밀접히 관련되어 있는 Timothy McVeigh 같은 인물이전형적인 론 울프이다. 또한 불과 2년 전인 2013년 4월, 체첸 출신의 Tsarnaev 형제가 보스톤 마라톤 결승점 부근에서 압력식 쿠커를 폭발시켜 3명이 사망하고 264명이 부상당했다. 아직 생존한 동생 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev에 대한 재판이 진행 중이지만, 미국 연방검사들은 그를 가리켜 전세계적으로 부상하는 ‘론 울프 테러리스트’의 한 사람이라고 표현했다. 최근 수년 간, 론 울프 테러리즘은 미국을 비롯한 주요국가들의 안보에 심각한 위협이되었다. 더욱이 한편으로 론 울프 테러리즘에 대한 인지된 위협(the perceived threat), 다른 한편으로 테러리즘 연구가 전통적으로 집단에 기반한(group-based) 테러리즘에 거의전적인 중점을 부여하고 있는 현상은 새로 부상하는 론 울프에 대한 실증적 및 개념적 분석의 필요성을 강조한다. 본 연구의 핵심은 이처럼 론 울프 테러리즘에 대한 인지된 위협과 현행 테러리즘 연구의 추세 간에 발생한 괴리를 메우는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 다음과 같은 문제를 제기할 것이다. 론 울프는 누구인가? 상이한 형태의 론 울프를 어떤 유형으로 분류할 수 있는가? 론 울프 테러리즘과 과격화와 자기 과격화(self-radicalization), 그리고 폭력적 극단주의 간에는 어떤 관계가 있는가? 부상하는 새로운론 울프의 위협을 전파 및 확산시킴에 있어, 인터넷은 어떤 역할을 수행하는가? 테러리즘, 특히 론 울프 테러리스트들은 화생방무기 같은 대량살상무기에 어느 정도의 위험을 제기하는가? 새로이 떠오르는 론 울프의 위협에 대응하기 위한 효과적은 대응수단은 무엇인가?

키워드

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