Sex Differences in the Load–Velocity Profiles of Three Different Row Exercises
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Testing Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kraemer, W.J.; Ratamess, N.A. Fundamentals of resistance training: Progression and exercise prescription. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004, 36, 674–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, P.S.; Mayhew, J.L.; Peterson, D.F. A modified YMCA bench press test as a predictor of 1 repetition maximum bench press strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2002, 16, 440–445. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Loturco, I.; Nakamura, F.Y.; Kobal, R.; Gil, S.; Pivetti, B.; Pereira, L.A.; Roschel, H. Traditional periodization versus optimum training load applied to soccer players: Effects on neuromuscular abilities. Int. J. Sports Med. 2016, 37, 1051–1059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García Ramos, A. Resistance training intensity prescription methods based on lifting velocity monitoring. Int. J. Sports Med. 2023. Online ahead of print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Moreno, M.; Rodríguez-Rosell, D.; Pareja-Blanco, F.; Mora-Custodio, R.; González-Badillo, J.J. Movement velocity as indicator of relative intensity and level of effort attained during the set in pull-up Exercise. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2017, 12, 1378–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Badillo, J.J.; Sánchez-Medina, L. Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training. Int. J. Sports Med. 2010, 31, 347–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jovanović, M.; Flanagan, E.P. Researched applications of velocity based strength training. J. Aust. Strength Cond. 2014, 22, 58–69. [Google Scholar]
- Orser, K.; Agar-Newman, D.J.; Tsai, M.C.; Klimstra, M. The validity of the Push Band 2.0 to determine speed and power during progressively loaded squat jumps. Sport. Biomech. 2020, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Ramos, A.; Barboza-González, P.; Ulloa-Díaz, D.; Rodriguez-Perea, A.; Martinez-Garcia, D.; Guede-Rojas, F.; Hinojosa-Riveros, H.; Chirosa-Ríos, L.J.; Cuevas-Aburto, J.; Janicijevic, D.; et al. Reliability and validity of different methods of estimating the one-repetition maximum during the free-weight prone bench pull exercise. J. Sports Sci. 2019, 37, 2205–2212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Badillo, J.J.; Marques, M.C.; Sánchez-Medina, L. The importance of movement velocity as a measure to control resistance training intensity. J. Hum. Kinet. 2011, 29, 15–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hennemanv, E.; Somjen, G.; Carpenter, D.O. Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 1965, 28, 560–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-Cava, A.; Morán-Navarro, R.; Sánchez-Medina, L.; González-Badillo, J.J.; Pallarés, J.G. Velocity- and power-load relationships in the half, parallel and full back squat. J. Sports Sci. 2019, 37, 1088–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Conceição, F.; Fernandes, J.; Lewis, M.; Gonzaléz-Badillo, J.J.; Jimenéz-Reyes, P. Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 34, 1099–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jukic, I.; García-Ramos, A.; Malecek, J.; Omcirk, D.; Tufano, J.J. The Use of Lifting Straps Alters the Entire Load-Velocity Profile During the Deadlift Exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2020, 34, 3331–3337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morán-Navarro, R.; Martínez-Cava, A.; Escribano-Peñas, P.; Courel-Ibáñez, J. Load-velocity relationship of the deadlift exercise. Eur. J. Sport. Sci. 2021, 21, 678–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balsalobre-Fernández, C.; Cardiel-García, M.; Jiménez, S.L. Bilateral and unilateral load-velocity profiling in a machine-based, single-joint, lower body exercise. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0222632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernández-Belmonte, A.; Martínez-Cava, A.; Morán-Navarro, R.; Courel-Ibáñez, J.; Pallarés, J.G. A comprehensive analysis of the velocity-based method in the shoulder press exercise: Stability of the load-velocity relationship and sticking region parameters. Biol. Sport. 2021, 38, 235–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muñoz-López, M.; Marchante, D.; Cano-Ruiz, M.A.; Chicharro, J.L.; Balsalobre-Fernández, C. Load-, Force-, and Power-Velocity Relationships in the Prone Pull-Up Exercise. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2017, 12, 1249–1255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nieto-Acevedo, R.; Romero-Moraleda, B.; Montalvo-Pérez, A.; Valdés-Álvarez, A.; García-Sánchez, C.; Mon-López, D. Should We Use the Men Load-Velocity Profile for Women in Deadlift and Hip Thrust? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2023, 20, 4888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Hoyo, M.; Núñez, F.J.; Sañudo, B.; Gonzalo-Skok, O.; Muñoz-López, A.; Romero-Boza, S.; Otero-Esquina, C.; Sánchez, H.; Nimphius, S. Predicting loading intensity measuring velocity in barbell hip thrust exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2021, 35, 2075–2081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Ramos, A.; Suzovic, D.; Pérez-Castilla, A. The load-velocity profiles of three upper-body pushing exercises in men and women. Sport. Biomech. 2021, 20, 693–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loturco, I.; Suchomel, T.; Kobal, R.; Arruda, A.; Guerriero, A.; Pereira, L.; Pai, C.N. Force-Velocity relationship in three different variations of prone row exercises. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 33, 300–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sánchez-Medina, L.; González-Badillo, J.J.; Pérez, C.E.; Pallarés, J.G. Velocity- and power-load relationships of the bench pull vs. bench press exercises. Int. J. Sports Med. 2014, 35, 209–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Balsalobre-Fernández, C.; García Ramos, A.; Jimenez-Reyes, P. Load–velocity profiling in the military press exercise: Effects of gender and training. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2017, 13, 743–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weakley, J.; Mann, B.; Banyard, H.; McLaren, S.; Scott, T.; García Ramos, A. Velocity-based training: From theory to application. Strength Cond. J. 2020, 43, 31–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbado, D.; Lopez-Valenciano, A.; Juan-Recio, C.; Montero-Carretero, C.; Van Dieën, J.H.; Vera-Garcia, F.J. Trunk stability, trunk strength and sport performance level in judo. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0156267. [Google Scholar]
- Pearson, S.N.; Cronin, J.B.; Hume, P.A.; Slyfield, D. Kinematics and kinetics of the bench-press and bench-pull exercises in a strength-trained sporting population. Sport. Biomech. 2009, 8, 245–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aspenes, S.T.; Karlsen, T. Exercise-training intervention studies in competitive swimming. Sports Med. 2012, 42, 527–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vigouroux, L.; Devise, M.; Cartier, T.; Aubert, C.; Berton, E. Performing pull-ups with small climbing holds influences grip and biomechanical arm action. J. Sports Sci. 2019, 37, 886–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Pallars, J.; Izquierdo, M. Strategies to optimize concurrent training of strength and aerobic fitness for rowing and canoeing. Sport. Med. 2011, 41, 329–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Pallarés, J.; Sánchez-Medina, L.; Carrasco, L.; Díaz, A.; Izquierdo, M. Endurance and neuromuscular changes in world-class level kayakers during a periodized training cycle. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 106, 629–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Robbins, D.W.; Young, W.B.; Behm, D.G. The effect of an upper-body agonist-antagonist resistance training protocol on volume load and efficiency. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 24, 2632–2640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Till, K.; Tester, E.; Jones, B.; Emmonds, S.; Fahey, J.; Cooke, C. Anthropometric and physical characteristics of english academy rugby league players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 319–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, D.; Newton, R.U. Acute effect on power output of alternating an agonist and antagonist muscle exercise during complex training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2005, 19, 202–205. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Stöggl, T.; Müller, E.; Ainegren, M.; Holmberg, H.C. General strength and kinetics: Fundamental to sprinting faster in cross country skiing? Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2011, 21, 791–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weakley, J.; Morrison, M.; García Ramos, A.; Johnston, R.; James, L.; Cole, M. The validity and reliability of commercially available resistance training monitoring devices: A systematic review. Sport. Med. 2021, 51, 443–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pareja-Blanco, F.; Walker, S.; Häkkinen, K. Validity of using velocity to estimate intensity in resistance exercises in men and women. Int. J. Sports Med. 2020, 41, 1047–1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nieto-Acevedo, R.; Romero-Moraleda, B.; Díaz-Lara, F.J.; Rubia A de la González-García, J.; Mon-López, D. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Differences in Mean Propulsive Velocity between Men and Women in Different Exercises. Sport 2023, 11, 118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Association, W.M. World medical association declaration of helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 2013, 310, 2191–2194. [Google Scholar]
- Garbisu-Hualde, A.; Santos-Concejero, J. Post-activation potentiation in strength training: A systematic review of the scientific literature. J. Hum. Kinet. 2021, 78, 141–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ronai, P.; Taber, C. The barbell bench pull. ACSM’s Health Fit. J. 2021, 25, 33–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Castilla, A.; Piepoli, A.; Garrido-Blanca, G.; Delgado-García, G.; Balsalobre-Fernández, C.; García-Ramos, A. Precision of 7 commercially available devices for predicting bench-press 1-repetition maximum from the individual load-velocity relationship. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2019, 14, 1442–1446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García Ramos, A.; Pestaña Melero, F.; Pérez Castilla, A.; Rojas, F.; Haff, G. Mean velocity vs. mean propulsive velocity vs. peak velocity: Which variable determines press relative load with higher reliability? J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 32, 1273–1279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schober, P.; Schwarte, L.A. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesth. Analg. 2018, 126, 1763–1768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alonso-Aubin, D.A.; Chulvi-Medrano, I.; Cortell-Tormo, J.M.; Picón-Martínez, M.; Rial Rebullido, T.; Faigenbaum, A.D. Squat and bench press force-velocity profiling in male and female adolescent rugby players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2021, 35 (Suppl. 1), S44–S50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Torrejón, A.; Balsalobre-Fernández, C.; Haff, G.G.; García-Ramos, A. The load-velocity profile differs more between men and women than between individuals with different strength levels. Sport. Biomech. 2019, 18, 245–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nuzzo, J.L. Narrative Rreview of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries and neuromuscular adaptations. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2023, 37, 494–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costill, D.L.; Daniels, J.; Evans, W.; Fink, W.; Krahenbuhl, G.; Saltin, B. Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976, 40, 149–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Ramos, A.; Pestaña-Melero, F.L.; Pérez-Castilla, A.; Rojas, F.J.; Haff, G.G. Differences in the load-velocity profile between 4 bench-press variants. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2018, 13, 326–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marquina, M.; Lorenzo-Calvo, J.; Rivilla-García, J.; García-Aliaga, A.; Román, I.R. Effects on strength, power and speed execution using exercise balls, semi-sphere balance balls and suspension training devices: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2021, 18, 1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Comfort, P.; Pearson, S.J. Scaling-Which Methods Best Predict Performance? Artic. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 1565–1572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jones, M.T.; Jagim, A.R.; Haff, G.G.; Carr, P.J.; Martin, J.; Oliver, J.M. Greater strength drives difference in power between sexes in the conventional deadlift exercise. Sports 2016, 4, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Komi, P.V.; Karlsson, J. Skeletal muscle fibre types, enzyme activities and physical performance in young males and females. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1978, 103, 210–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Load % 1-RM | ANOVA (p-Value) | Prone Bench Row (m/s) | Barbell Bent-OVER Row (m/s) | Smith Machine Bent-Over Row (m/s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||
Row | Sex | Row × Sex | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
30% | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.032 | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 1.21 ± 0.27 | 1.44 ± 0.20 | 1.10 ± 0.19 * | 1.55 ± 0.12 # | 1.24 ± 0.23 *† |
35% | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.038 | 1.29 ± 0.14 | 1.15 ± 0.25 | 1.37 ± 0.19 | 1.06 ± 0.17 * | 1.47 ± 0.11 # | 1.19 ± 0.21 *† |
40% | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.046 | 1.22 ± 0.13 | 1.10 ± 0.23 | 1.30 ± 0.17 | 1.02 ± 0.16 * | 1.39 ± 0.10 # | 1.13 ± 0.19 *† |
45% | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.058 | 1.16 ± 0.12 | 1.03 ± 0.21 | 1.24 ± 0.16 | 0.97 ± 0.14 * | 1.32 ± 0.10 # | 1.08 ± 0.17 *† |
50% | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.078 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 0.97 ± 0.18 | 1.17 ± 0.15 | 0.93 ± 0.13 * | 1.24 ± 0.09 # | 1.03 ± 0.15 *† |
55% | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.111 | 1.02 ± 0.10 | 0.91 ± 0.16 * | 1.11 ± 0.14 | 0.89 ± 0.12 * | 1.17 ± 0.08 # | 0.97 ± 0.13 *† |
60% | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.167 | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.14 * | 1.04 ± 0.12 | 0.85 ± 0.10 * | 1.09 ± 0.08 # | 0.92 ± 0.12 *† |
65% | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.268 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.79 ± 0.12 * | 0.98 ± 0.12 | 0.80 ± 0.10 * | 1.01 ± 0.07 # | 0.86 ± 0.10 *† |
70% | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.436 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.10 * | 0.91 ± 0.11 # | 0.76 ± 0.09 * | 0.94 ± 0.07 # | 0.81 ± 0.09 *# |
75% | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.669 | 0.76 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.08 * | 0.84 ± 0.10 | 0.72 ± 0.08 * | 0.86 ± 0.07 # | 0.76 ± 0.09 *# |
80% | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.815 | 0.70 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.06 * | 0.78 ± 0.10 | 0.68 ± 0.08 * | 0.79 ± 0.07 # | 0.70 ± 0.09 *# |
85% | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.791 | 0.63 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.05 * | 0.71 ± 0.10 | 0.63 ± 0.09 *# | 0.71 ± 0.07 # | 0.65 ± 0.09 # |
90% | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.573 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.04 * | 0.65 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.09 # | 0.64 ± 0.07 # | 0.59 ± 0.10 # |
95% | <0.001 | 0.128 | 0.358 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 0.43 ± 0.04 * | 0.58 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.10 # | 0.56 ± 0.08 | 0.54 ± 0.11 # |
100% | <0.001 | 0.404 | 0.215 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.05 * | 0.52 ± 0.12 | 0.51 ± 0.11 # | 0.48 ± 0.08 | 0.49 ± 0.13 # |
Prone Bench Row | Barbell Bent-Over Row | Smith Machine Bent-Over Row | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
1 RM (kg) | 90.00 ± 19.12 * | 50.39 ± 11.49 | 93.65 ± 17.16 * | 55.962 ± 11.25 | 99.04 ± 23.20 * | 55.39 ± 11.45 |
BM (kg) | 82.5 ± 10.9 * | 61.6 ± 6.6 | 82.5 ± 10.9 | 61.6 ± 6.6 | 82.5 ± 10.9 | 61.6 ± 6.6 |
1 RM/BM (kg) | 1.09 ± 0.20 * | 0.817 ± 0.148 | 1.14 ± 0.18 * | 0.91 ± 0.14 | 1.17 ± 0.22 * | 0.90 ± 0.15 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nieto-Acevedo, R.; Romero-Moraleda, B.; Montalvo-Pérez, A.; García-Sánchez, C.; Marquina-Nieto, M.; Mon-López, D. Sex Differences in the Load–Velocity Profiles of Three Different Row Exercises. Sports 2023, 11, 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110220
Nieto-Acevedo R, Romero-Moraleda B, Montalvo-Pérez A, García-Sánchez C, Marquina-Nieto M, Mon-López D. Sex Differences in the Load–Velocity Profiles of Three Different Row Exercises. Sports. 2023; 11(11):220. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110220
Chicago/Turabian StyleNieto-Acevedo, Raúl, Blanca Romero-Moraleda, Almudena Montalvo-Pérez, Carlos García-Sánchez, Moisés Marquina-Nieto, and Daniel Mon-López. 2023. "Sex Differences in the Load–Velocity Profiles of Three Different Row Exercises" Sports 11, no. 11: 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110220