An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characteristics of the Informants
2.2. Mode of Preparation and Administration of Different Plant Parts
2.3. Use Reports, Informant’s Consensus Factor and Fidelity Level
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.2. Socio-Economic Description
3.3. Ethnobotanical Analysis
3.4. Data Analysis
3.4.1. Use Categories
3.4.2. Informants’ Consensus Factor (ICF)
3.4.3. Fidelity level (FL)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Background Characteristic | No | % | Annual Expenditure (Mexican Pesos, $) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Residence | Rural | 26 | 31 | 160 |
Urban | 59 | 69 | 200 | |
Gender | Female | 40 | 47 | 174 |
Male | 45 | 53 | 200 | |
Age | >20 | 2 | 2 | 200 |
21–30 | 13 | 15 | 233 | |
31–40 | 12 | 14 | 183 | |
41–50 | 16 | 19 | 173 | |
51–60 | 20 | 24 | 210 | |
61–70 | 14 | 17 | 120 | |
71–85 | 8 | 9 | 225 | |
Occupation | Farmer | 9 | 11 | 114 |
Housewife | 21 | 25 | 210 | |
Seller | 4 | 5 | 50 | |
Teacher | 2 | 2 | 200 | |
Worker | 40 | 47 | 181 | |
Other | 9 | 10 | 222 |
Family | Scientific Name | Voucher Specimen | Common Name | Origin | Plant Part Used | Ailments | Category | Preparation Mode | Detailed Administration | UR | FL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthaceae | Beta vulgaris L. | PA-01 | betabel | Ex | root | intestinal worms | G | fresh | raw | 1 | 100.0 |
stomach ache | G | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
Amaryllidaceae | Allium cepa L. | PA-02 | cebolla morada | Ex | root | erection | D | fresh | crushed | 1 | 66.7 |
kidney problem | C | fresh | crushed | 1 | |||||||
veterinary fever in chicken | R | fresh | smashed | 4 | |||||||
Amaryllidaceae | Allium sativum L. | PA-03 | ajo | Ex | root | blood circulation | B | fresh | infusion | 3 | 26.3 |
cold | A | fresh | infusion | 2 | |||||||
grains in the skin | O | fresh | bath | 2 | |||||||
ajo con alcohol | root | liver problems | N | fresh | microdosis | 1 | |||||
rheumatism | E | fresh | tincture | 5 | |||||||
snake bites | M | fresh | tincture | 1 | |||||||
Amaryllidaceae | Allium sativum L. | ajo con (with) aguacate | leaves | stomach ache | G | fresh | infusion | 3 | |||
tooth pain | L | fresh | raw | 2 | |||||||
Anacardiaceae | Spondias mombin L. | PA-04 | caña con jobo, durazno y piña | N | bark | alcoholic drink | R | dry | fermented | 1 | 66.7 |
flu | A | dry | decocted | 6 | |||||||
tooth pain | L | dry | decocted | 2 | |||||||
Annonaceae | Annona glabra L. | PA-05 | anona | N | leaves | diarrhoea | G | fresh | infusion | 7 | 57.9 |
fruit | drink | S | fresh | 3 | |||||||
leaves | stomach ache | G | fresh | infusion | 4 | ||||||
fruit | to have children | D | dry | squeezed | 3 | ||||||
leaves | to have children | D | fresh | infusion | 2 | ||||||
Annonaceae | Mangifera indica L | PA-06 | mango | Ex | seed | diarrhoea | G | fresh | decocted | 4 | 100.0 |
Apiaceae | Arracacia atropurpúrea | PA-07 | comino | N | leaves | diarrhoea | G | dry | decocted | 6 | 100.0 |
Apiáceas | Annona muricata | PA-08 | guanabana | N | leaves | cancer | I | fresh | infusion | 7 | 34.4 |
leaves | diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 6 | ||||||
leaves | high pressure | B | fresh | infusion | 11 | ||||||
Apiáceas | Apium graveolens L. | apio | Ex | stem | cholesterol | B | fresh | liquefied | 8 | 100.0 | |
Apocynaceae | Pentalinon andrieuxii (Müll.Arg.) B.F.Hansen & Wunderlin | PA-09 | guaco enredadera | N | root | snake bites | M | dry | tincture | 13 | 100.0 |
Apocynaceae | Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. | PA-10 | cancerina | N | leaves | cancer | I | fresh | infusion | 11 | 100.0 |
Arecaceae | Cocos nucifera L. | PA-11 | coco and caña morada | Ex | leaves | blood circulation | B | fresh | raw | 3 | 68.8 |
chinkunguya | P | fresh | raw | 5 | |||||||
dengue | P | fresh | raw | 6 | |||||||
bark | stop bleeding in the parthum | D | fresh | decocted | 2 | ||||||
Arecáceas | Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. | PA-12 | coyol redondo palma | N | root | diabetes | H | dry | infusion | 3 | 50.0 |
bark | eyes problem | Q | dry | decocted | 3 | 50.0 | |||||
Asclepiadaceae | Asclepias curassavica L. | PA-13 | hierva del sapo | N | leaves | cancer | I | fresh | decocted | 16 | 59.,3 |
leaves | diabetes | H | dry | infusion | 5 | ||||||
leaves | kidney problem | C | fresh | decocted | 6 | ||||||
Asteraceae | Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. | PA-14 | estafiate | N | stem | cholesterol | B | fresh | infusion | 12 | 100.0 |
Asteraceae | Calea ternifolia Oliv. ex Thurn | PA-15 | zacate chichi | N | leaves, stem, flower | bile | G | fresh | infusion | 5 | 70.6 |
diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 12 | |||||||
Asteraceae | Cyclolepis genistoides D.Don | PA-16 | palo azul | Ex | bark | kidney problem | C | dry | decocted | 4 | 100.0 |
Asteraceae | Gnaphalium viscosum Kunth | PA-17 | gordolobo | N | whole plant | cough | A | fresh | infusion | 2 | 100.0 |
Asteraceae | Matricaria chamomilla L. | PA-18 | manzanilla | Ex | whole plant | colic pain | D | fresh | decocted | 16 | 47.1 |
leaves | eyes problem | Q | fresh | bath | 4 | ||||||
whole plant | stomach ache | G | fresh | decocted | 14 | ||||||
Asteraceae | Parthenium hysterophorus L. | PA-19 | chuchullate o tres hojitas | N | stem | anaemia | B | fresh | decocted | 1 | 53.8 |
leaves | diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 7 | ||||||
leaves | wounds | O | fresh | bath | 2 | ||||||
wounds | O | fresh | decocted | 3 | |||||||
Asteraceae | Tagetes erecta L. | PA-20 | flor de muerto | N | root | stomach ache | G | dry | decocted | 6 | 100.0 |
Asteraceae | Verbesina persicifolia D.C | PA-21 | huichin | N | leaves | diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 9 | 39.1 |
leaves | gastritis | G | fresh | decocted | 1 | ||||||
root | high pressure | B | fresh | decocted | 9 | 39.1 | |||||
root | inflammation | E | fresh | bath | 4 | ||||||
Bignoniaceae | Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem. | PA-22 | chote, chiote | N | flower | veterinary uses | R | fresh | decocted | 7 | 50.0 |
kidney problem | C | fresh | decocted | 7 | |||||||
Bignoniaceae | Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth | PA-23 | tronadora (hoja de san pedro) | N | leaves | infection in skin | O | fresh | burned | 2 | 100.0 |
Brassicaceae | Nasturtium officinale R. Br. | PA-24 | berros | N | leaves | anaemia | B | fresh | bath | 3 | 100.0 |
Burseraceae | Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. | PA-25 | chaca | leaves | fever | P | fresh | cataplasm | 45 | 100.0 | |
Cactaceae | Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. | PA-26 | Nopal, pepino and cascara | N | leaves | cholesterol | B | fresh | liquefied | 2 | 66.7 |
clean stomach | G | fresh | liquefied | 8 | |||||||
diabetes | H | fresh | decocted | 2 | |||||||
Cannabacea | Cannabis sativa L. | PA-27 | marihuana | Ex | whole plant | rheumatism | E | fresh | tincture | 9 | 100.0 |
Cannabaceae | Trema micrantha (L) Blume | PA-28 | puam | N | leaves | chicken pox | P | fresh | bath | 8 | 100.0 |
measles | P | fresh | bath | 6 | |||||||
Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | PA-29 | papaya | stem | pain in ears | Q | fresh | burned | 5 | 100.0 | |
Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium ambrosioides | PA-30 | epasote | N | leaves | intestinal worms | G | fresh | infusion | 13 | 100.0 |
stomach ache | G | fresh | infusion | 12 | |||||||
Commelinaceae | Tradescantia spathacea Sw. | PA-31 | barquilla, maguey morado | N | leaves | grains in the mouth | L | fresh | squeezed | 3 | 38.7 |
kidney problem | C | fresh | infusion | 8 | |||||||
respiratory system | A | fresh | infusion | 8 | |||||||
wounds | O | fresh | burned | 1 | |||||||
skin infection | O | fresh | bath | 3 | |||||||
wounds and bruises | O | fresh | cataplasm | 8 | |||||||
Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbita pepo L. | PA-32 | calabaza | N | latex | scratches, wounds | O | fresh | squeezed | 4 | 100.0 |
Cucurbitaceae | Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. | PA-33 | chayote | N | fruit | cholesterol | B | fresh | decocted | 12 | 100.0 |
Euphorbiaceae | Cnidoscolus chayamansa Mc Vaugh | PA-34 | chaya | N | leaves | high pressure | B | fresh | decocted | 7 | 100.0 |
Euphorbiaceae | Cnidoscolus tubulosus (Müll.Arg.) I.M.Johnst. | PA-35 | hortiga macho con espina | N | root | kidney problem | C | dry | decocted | 5 | 61.1 |
stem | kidney problem | C | fresh | infusion | 6 | ||||||
latex | tooth pain | L | fresh | raw | 7 | ||||||
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hirta L. | PA-36 | riñonina | N | leaves | kidney problem | C | fresh | infusion | 6 | 100.0 |
Euphorbiaceae | Jatropha curcas L. | PA-37 | piñon | N | latex | bleeding of the gums, | L | fresh | topical raw | 4 | 57.1 |
leaves | grains | O | fresh | bath | 1 | ||||||
latex | herpes | P | fresh | topical raw | 2 | ||||||
Fabaceae | Bauhinia divaricata L. | PA-38 | pata de vaca | N | leaves | diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 4 | 44.4 |
diarrhoea | G | fresh | infusion | 3 | |||||||
Mixed with crushed rice | whole plant | dysentery | G | fresh | decocted | 1 | |||||
leaves | grains in the skin | O | fresh | bath | 1 | ||||||
Fabaceae | Cassia fistula L. | PA-39 | hojasen | Ex | leaves | colitis | G | fresh | infusion | 3 | 100.0 |
Fabaceae | Erythrina caribaea Krukoff & Barneby | PA-40 | pichoco | N | bark | push delivering in parthum | D | fresh | decocted | 2 | 100.0 |
Fabaceae | Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg | PA-41 | tarai (palo azul) | N | bark | kidney problem | C | dry | infusion | 5 | 100.0 |
Fabaceae | Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp | PA-42 | cocohuite | N | leaves | fever | P | fresh | tincture | 2 | 100.0 |
Fabaceae | Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit | PA-43 | guaje | N | fruit | intestinal worms | G | fresh | raw | 4 | 100.0 |
Geraniaceae | Pelargonium spp. | PA-44 | malva con hortiga | Ex | leaves | chicken pox | P | fresh | decocted | 1 | 50.0 |
grains | O | fresh | decocted | 1 | |||||||
Lamiaceae | Mentha spicata L. | PA-45 | hierva buena | Ex | leaves | colic pain | D | fresh | infusion | 14 | 57.6 |
stomach ache | G | fresh | decocted | 19 | |||||||
Lamiaceae | Ocimum basilicum L. | PA-46 | albacahar | N | leaves | anxiety | F | fresh | raw | 7 | 36.0 |
bad wind | S | fresh | raw | 3 | |||||||
dizzy | Q | fresh | infusion | 9 | |||||||
evil eye | S | fresh | bath | 4 | |||||||
high pressure | B | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
nausea | G | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
Lamiaceae | Salvia spp. | PA-47 | salvia | En | leaves | spasm | E | fresh | decocted | 2 | 100.0 |
Lauraceae | Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | PA-48 | mango con canela | Ex | leaves | abortive | D | fresh | decocted | 2 | 58.3 |
chinkunguya | P | fresh | decocted | 2 | |||||||
cough | A | fresh | decocted | 1 | |||||||
colic pain | D | fresh | decocted | 5 | |||||||
drink | S | fresh | decocted | 2 | |||||||
Lauraceae | Persea americana Mill. | PA-49 | aguacate | N | seed | abortive | D | fresh | decocted | 5 | 86.2 |
Lauraceae | Persea americana Mill. | aguacate oloroso | N | leaves | diarrhoea | G | fresh | infusion | 19 | ||
seed | kidney problem | C | fresh | liquefied | 3 | ||||||
leaves | nausea | G | fresh | infusion | 2 | ||||||
leaves | stomach ache | G | fresh | infusion | 29 | ||||||
Loranthaceae | Struthanthus crassipes (Oliver) Eichl. | PA-50 | secapalo | En | leaves | grains | O | fresh | decocted | 7 | 53.3 |
kidney problem | C | fresh | decocted | 7 | |||||||
wounds | O | fresh | bath | 1 | |||||||
Malvaceae | Guazum aulmifolia Lam. | PA-51 | guazima | N | bark | colitis | G | dry | decocted | 5 | 61.9 |
bark | diabetes | H | dry | decocted | 4 | ||||||
bark | diarrhoea | G | dry | decocted | 4 | ||||||
fruit | drink | S | fresh | squeezed | 2 | ||||||
bark | stomach ache | G | dry | decocted | 4 | ||||||
leaves | veterinary | R | fresh | raw | 2 | ||||||
Malvaceae | Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz. | PA-52 | jonote | N | latex | wounds | O | dry | topical raw | 4 | 100.0 |
Malvaceae | Sida rhombifolia L. | PA-53 | malva and albacahar | N | leaves | bad wind | S | fresh | raw | 1 | 100.0 |
stem | ritual | S | fresh | raw | 4 | ||||||
Malvaceae | Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G.Don | PA-54 | hierva del negro | N | whole plant | bad wind | S | fresh | raw | 15 | 100.0 |
Meliaceae | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | PA-55 | neem | Ex | fruit | diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 18 | 100.0 |
Meliaceae | Cedrela odorata L. | PA-56 | cedro | N | bark | abortive | D | dry | decocted | 4 | 75.0 |
bark | fever | P | dry | decocted | 1 | ||||||
leaves | inflammation | E | fresh | decocted | 1 | ||||||
bark | problems in trying to have children | D | dry | decocted | 2 | ||||||
Meliaceae | Melia azedarach L. | PA-57 | piocha | Ex | leaves | diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 8 | 100.0 |
Monimiaceae | Peumus boldus Molina | PA-58 | boldo | Ex | leaves | colitis | G | fresh | infusion | 4 | 100.0 |
Moraceae | Morus celtidifolia Kunth | PA-59 | mora | N | leaves | chinkunguya | P | fresh | decocted | 2 | 66.7 |
leaves | tooth pain | L | fresh | raw | 1 | ||||||
Moringaceae | Moringa oleifera Lam. | PA-60 | moringa | Ex | leaves | cancer | I | fresh | decocted | 1 | 85.7 |
leaves | diabetes | H | fresh | decocted | 6 | ||||||
Musaceae | Musa spp. | PA-61 | platano | Ex | bark | respiratory system | A | fresh | decocted | 2 | 77.8 |
bark | tuberculosis | P | fresh | fermented | 7 | ||||||
Myrsinaceae | Ardisia compressa Kunth | PA-62 | capulin and nona | N | leaves | stomach ache | G | fresh | infusion | 5 | 62.5 |
leaves | wounds | O | fresh | bath | 3 | ||||||
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus globulus Labill | PA-63 | eucalipto | Ex | leaves | bronchitis | A | fresh | decocted | 3 | 100.0 |
Myrtaceae | Pimenta dioica(L.) Merr. | PA-64 | pimienta | Ex | leaves | flu | A | fresh | decocted | 3 | 100.0 |
Myrtaceae | Psidium guajava L. | PA-65 | guayaba | N | leaves | diarrhoea | G | dry | decocted | 16 | 53.3 |
bark | flu | A | dry | decocted | 14 | ||||||
Myrtaceae | Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry | PA-66 | clavo | Ex | seed | tooth pain | L | dry | topical raw | 5 | 100.0 |
Nyctaginaceae | Bougainville aglabra Choisy | PA-67 | bugambilia | Ex | flower | cough | A | fresh | infusion | 19 | 100.0 |
Orchidaceae | Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews | PA-68 | vainilla | N | fruit | drink | S | fresh | fermented | 2 | 72.7 |
fruit | drink | S | fresh | raw | 6 | ||||||
fruit | menopause | D | fresh | tincture | 1 | ||||||
leaves | menopause | D | fresh | decocted | 2 | ||||||
Papaveraceae | Fumaria officinalis L. | PA-69 | Sangre de Cristo (Blood of Christ) | Ex | leaves | wounds | O | fresh | bath | 3 | 100.0 |
Passifloraceae | Passiflora coriacea Juss. | PA-70 | hierva del murcielago | N | leaves | kidney problem | C | fresh | decocted | 6 | 100.0 |
Pedaliaceae | Sesamum indicum L. | PA-71 | ajonjoli | Ex | seed | breastfeeding | D | dry | decocted | 15 | 100.0 |
Piperaceae | Peperomia granulosa Trel. | PA-72 | gordonzillo (acoyo) | N | root | breastfeeding | D | fresh | decocted | 5 | 53.1 |
stems | menstruation | D | fresh | decocted | 4 | ||||||
root | to have children | D | fresh | decocted | 8 | ||||||
leaves | cirrhosis | N | fresh | infusion | 1 | ||||||
leaves | rheumatism | E | fresh | burned | 9 | ||||||
acoyo (gordonsillo) and ajo | leaves | respiratory system | A | fresh | infusion | 5 | |||||
Piperaceae | Piper sanctum (Miq.) Schltdl. ex C.DC. | PA-73 | hierva santa | N | leaves | clean baby and post-parthum | D | fresh | decocted | 2 | 100.0 |
Plantaginaceae | Plantago major L. | PA-74 | llanten | Ex | leaves | skin problems | O | fresh | decocted | 15 | 100.0 |
Poaceae | Cymbopogon citratu Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | PA-75 | zacate limon | Ex-invader | leaves | drink | S | fresh | 7 | 100.0 | |
Poaceae | Pachystachys spicata (Ruiz & Pav.) Wassh. | PA-76 | mohuite | N | stem | bad wind | S | fresh | 1 | 70.6 | |
leaves | epilepsy | F | fresh | decocted | 3 | ||||||
kidney problem | C | fresh | decocted | 12 | |||||||
nausea | G | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
Poaceae | Phalaris canariensis L. | PA-77 | alpistle | Ex | seed | diabetes | H | fresh | liquefied | 9 | 100.0 |
Poaceae | Zea maiz L. | PA-78 | maiz morado | N | seed | alcoholic drink | S | fresh | fermented | 3 | 82.4 |
pelo de maiz | fruit | kidney problem | C | fresh | infusion | 14 | |||||
Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleraceae L. | PA-79 | verdolaga | N | leaves | blood circulation | B | fresh | burned | 2 | 100.0 |
Rosaceae | Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | PA-80 | nispero | Ex | leaves | kidney problem | C | fresh | decocted | 2 | 100.0 |
Rosaceae | Prunus domestica L. | PA-81 | ciruela | Ex | leaves | rash and grains | O | fresh | smashed | 4 | 66.7 |
smallpox | P | fresh | bath | 2 | |||||||
Rubiaceae | Hamelia patens Jacq. | PA-82 | tres hojitas | N | leaves | anaemia | B | fresh | infusion | 3 | 23.4 |
blood circulation | B | fresh | decocted | 7 | |||||||
breastfeeding | D | fresh | burned | 6 | |||||||
cancer | I | dry | decocted | 9 | |||||||
colitis | G | fresh | decocted | 4 | |||||||
diabetes | H | fresh | decocted | 7 | |||||||
diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 11 | |||||||
gastritis | G | fresh | infusion | ||||||||
gastritis | G | fresh | decocted | 8 | |||||||
high pressure | B | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
menstruation | D | fresh | decocted | 2 | |||||||
root | respiratory system | A | dry | decocted | 7 | ||||||
skin problems, fungus | O | fresh | squeezed | 2 | |||||||
ulcers | G | fresh | decocted | 5 | |||||||
wounds | O | fresh | bath | 5 | |||||||
Rubiaceae | Morinda citrifolia L. | PA-83 | noni | Ex | fruit | diabetes | H | fresh | liquefied | 10 | 83.3 |
heart problems | B | fresh | squeezed | 2 | |||||||
Rutaceae | Casimiroa edulis La Llave | PA-84 | zapote blanco | N | leaves | cholesterol | B | fresh | infusion | 3 | 30.0 |
latex | gum | L | dry | raw | 2 | ||||||
bark | diabetes | H | dry | decocted | 1 | ||||||
leaves | fever | P | fresh | infusion | 2 | ||||||
bark | kidney problem | C | dry | decocted | 2 | ||||||
Rutaceae | Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | PA-85 | azares de naranjo | Ex | leaves | anxiety | F | fresh | decocted | 3 | 100.0 |
Rutaceae | Citrus× aurantium L. | PA-86 | naranja cucha | Ex | leaves | anxiety | F | fresh | decocted | 9 | 64.3 |
cough | A | fresh | decocted | 4 | |||||||
naranja, papaya, limon, nopal | fruit | diabetes | H | fresh | liquefied | 1 | |||||
Rutaceae | Citrus limetta Risso | PA-87 | lima chichi | Ex | fruit | high pressure | B | fresh | decocted | 3 | 75.0 |
infection in the eyes | Q | fresh | squeezed | 9 | |||||||
Rutaceae | Citrus medica L. | PA-88 | limon | N | fruit | cough | A | fresh | infusion | 14 | |
Rutaceae | Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | PA-89 | naranja | Ex | leaves | anxiety | F | fresh | infusion | 6 | 54.5 |
flu | A | fresh | infusion | 5 | |||||||
Rutaceae | Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack | PA-90 | limonaria | Ex | leaves | diabetes | H | fresh | squeezed | 2 | 66.7 |
tooth pain | L | fresh | decocted | 1 | |||||||
Rutaceae | Ruta graveolens L. | PA-91 | ruda | Ex | leaves | colitis | G | fresh | infusion | 3 | 43.8 |
evil eye | S | fresh | raw | 3 | |||||||
gastritis | G | fresh | infusion | 4 | |||||||
high pressure | B | fresh | infusion | 4 | |||||||
menstruation | D | fresh | infusion | 8 | |||||||
pain in ears | Q | fresh | infusion | 3 | |||||||
abortive | D | fresh | infusion | 6 | |||||||
pain in the chest | A | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
Sapotaceae | Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly | PA-92 | zapote chico and guia del chayote | N | leaves | cholesterol | B | fresh | infusion | 4 | 57.1 |
diabetes | H | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
high pressure | B | fresh | infusion | 2 | |||||||
Sapotaceae | Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn. | PA-93 | zapote rebentador | N | bark | diabetes | H | dry | decocted | 4 | 57.1 |
fruit | diarrhoea | G | fresh | squeezed | 2 | ||||||
leaves | nausea | G | fresh | decocted | 1 | ||||||
Smilacaceae | Smilax mollis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. | PA-94 | cocolmecate (bejuco enredadera) | N | root | diabetes | H | dry | decocted | 4 | 57.1 |
root | gastritis | G | dry | decocted | 1 | ||||||
bark | loss weight | B | dry | decocted | 2 | ||||||
Solanaceae | Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem | PA-95 | tomate verde | N | leaves | kidney problem | C | fresh | infusion | 4 | 100.0 |
Urticaceae | Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. | PA-96 | hormiguillo (nihuiya) | N | bark | diabetes | H | dry | decocted | 2 | 100.0 |
Verbenaceae | Lippia duartei Moldenke | PA-97 | hierva dulce | N | whole plant | diabetes | H | dry | decocted | 1 | 50.0 |
leaves | diarrhoea | G | dry | decocted | 1 | ||||||
Verbenaceae | Lippia graveolens Kunth | PA-98 | oregano | N | leaves | respiratory system | A | dry | infusion | 4 | 100.0 |
Xanthorrhoeaceae | Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. | PA-99 | savila | Ex | leaves | gastritis | G | fresh | raw | 7 | 33.3 |
hair problems | Q | fresh | smashed | 6 | |||||||
inflammation | E | fresh | topical raw | 3 | |||||||
whole plant | ulcers | G | fresh | infusion | 3 | ||||||
wounds | O | fresh | topical raw | 11 | |||||||
anaemia | B | fresh | infusion | 1 | |||||||
chinkunguya | P | fresh | infusion | 2 | |||||||
Zingiberaceae | Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. | PA-100 | caña de jabali | N | stem | kidney problem | C | dry | infusion | 21 | 95.5 |
caña de jabali con raiz de chiote | root | hepatitis | N | dry | decocted | 1 | |||||
Zingiberaceae | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | PA-101 | gengibre | Ex | root | anaemia | B | fresh | decocted | 1 | 54.5 |
blood circulation | B | fresh | decocted | 2 | |||||||
clean the blood | B | fresh | raw | 3 | |||||||
colic pain | D | fresh | decocted | 1 | |||||||
stomach ache | G | fresh | decocted | 1 | |||||||
intestinal worm | G | fresh | decocted | 2 | |||||||
inflammation | E | fresh | decocted | 1 |
N° | AILMENT CATEGORIES | N° SPECIES | N° of UR | % UR | ICF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Respiratory system disorders | 17 | 100 | 7.89 | 0.84 |
B | Blood-cardiovascular disorders | 21 | 112 | 8.83 | 0.82 |
C | Kidney disorders | 17 | 119 | 9.38 | 0.86 |
D | Genital-urinary disorders and childcare | 17 | 118 | 9.31 | 0.86 |
E | Skeleton-muscular system disorders | 8 | 34 | 2.68 | 0.79 |
F | Nervous system disorders | 5 | 28 | 2.21 | 0.85 |
G | Gastro-intestinal disorders | 29 | 247 | 19.48 | 0.89 |
H | Endocrinal disorders | 23 | 137 | 10.80 | 0.84 |
I | Oncology | 5 | 44 | 3.47 | 0.91 |
L | Dental care | 9 | 27 | 2.13 | 0.69 |
M | Poisonous bites | 2 | 14 | 1.10 | 0.92 |
N | Liver disorders | 3 | 3 | 0.24 | 0.00 |
O | Skin disorders | 17 | 83 | 6.55 | 0.80 |
P | Fever and infective diseases | 13 | 93 | 7.33 | 0.87 |
Q | Ear-eye-hair disorders | 7 | 39 | 3.08 | 0.84 |
R | Veterinary uses | 4 | 14 | 1.10 | 0.77 |
S | Different uses | 11 | 56 | 4.42 | 0.82 |
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Lara Reimers, E.A.; C., E.F.; Lara Reimers, D.J.; Chaloupkova, P.; Zepeda del Valle, J.M.; Milella, L.; Russo, D. An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico. Plants 2019, 8, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080246
Lara Reimers EA, C. EF, Lara Reimers DJ, Chaloupkova P, Zepeda del Valle JM, Milella L, Russo D. An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico. Plants. 2019; 8(8):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080246
Chicago/Turabian StyleLara Reimers, Eduardo Alberto, Eloy Fernández C., David J. Lara Reimers, Petra Chaloupkova, Juan Manuel Zepeda del Valle, Luigi Milella, and Daniela Russo. 2019. "An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico" Plants 8, no. 8: 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080246