Effects of Long-Term Controlled-Release Urea on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions in an Open-Field Lettuce System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. N2O and CO2 Emissions
2.2. Soil NH4+-N and NO3−-N Contents
2.3. Lettuce Yield and N Content
3. Discussion
3.1. Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on N2O Emissions
3.2. Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on CO2 Emissions
3.3. Responses of Lettuce Yields and GHGI to N Application
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Site
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Sampling and Measurement
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Seasons | CK | U | ON | CRU | DCRU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | Spring | 60.83 ± 7.66 c | 203.29 ± 22.58 a | 181.89 ± 27.80 ab | 182.55 ± 28.23 ab | 167.69 ± 21.21 b |
Autumn | 64.44 ± 7.31 c | 200.22 ± 24.50 a | 178.23 ± 32.56 ab | 160.51 ± 31.33 ab | 142.92 ± 24.19 b | |
2018 | Spring | 42.79 ± 5.71 c | 233.69 ± 26.21 a | 207.62 ± 31.30 ab | 190.18 ± 26.94 ab | 169.48 ± 25.88 b |
Autumn | 40.87 ± 6.26 c | 226.40 ± 30.50 a | 197.83 ± 27.90 ab | 183.61 ± 28.93 ab | 165.17 ± 22.53 b | |
2019 | Spring | 22.62 ± 2.04 c | 241.27 ± 29.95 a | 203.64 ± 30.02 ab | 192.25 ± 31.63 ab | 172.12 ± 27.54 b |
Autumn | 23.30 ± 3.18 c | 228.76 ± 28.82 a | 199.67 ± 29.15 ab | 186.42 ± 30.18 ab | 167.78 ± 26.93 b | |
2020 | Spring | 16.62 ± 1.77 c | 245.31 ± 32.08 a | 215.63 ± 28.31 ab | 197.23 ± 32.14 ab | 175.75 ± 28.89 b |
Autumn | 18.31 ± 2.05 c | 231.94 ± 28.89 a | 200.35 ± 27.31 ab | 189.66 ± 30.34 ab | 170.95 ± 30.05 b | |
2021 | Spring | 15.30 ± 1.75 c | 259.57 ± 30.23 a | 227.81 ± 35.94 ab | 209.14 ± 31.33 ab | 183.04 ± 28.23 b |
Autumn | 16.22 ± 1.70 c | 253.22 ± 31.69 a | 221.72 ± 28.55 ab | 204.51 ± 30.59 ab | 178.95 ± 32.60 b | |
2017–2021 | Spring–autumn | 32.13 ± 7.66 c | 231.12 ± 27.68 a | 202.44 ± 31.83 ab | 189.01 ± 30.47 ab | 169.34 ± 26.32 b |
Year | Seasons | CK | U | ON | CRU | DCRU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | Spring | 251.92 ± 12.86 b | 347.99 ± 22.78 a | 344.89 ± 18.19 a | 340.05 ± 19.77 a | 327.16 ± 19.48 a |
Autumn | 256.22 ± 20.44 b | 311.12 ± 28.38 a | 306.29 ± 25.15 a | 301.86 ± 25.75 a | 295.55 ± 19.82 a | |
2018 | Spring | 231.80 ± 6.61 b | 362.82 ± 16.91 a | 347.17 ± 13.28 a | 341.81 ± 12.47 a | 333.55 ± 11.40 a |
Autumn | 214.90 ± 11.79 b | 322.07 ± 20.78 a | 314.22 ± 21.50 a | 306.16 ± 22.29 a | 299.99 ± 18.98 a | |
2019 | Spring | 206.35 ± 7.76 b | 354.67 ± 13.48 a | 337.91 ± 14.42 a | 335.03 ± 13.06 a | 326.79 ± 22.95 a |
Autumn | 200.78 ± 8.30 b | 330.01 ± 26.06 a | 321.36 ± 22.63 a | 312.77 ± 23.07 a | 309.25 ± 19.74 a | |
2020 | Spring | 191.16 ± 7.66 b | 357.43 ± 15.97 a | 351.70 ± 10.04 a | 343.92 ± 13.29 a | 336.76 ± 19.28 a |
Autumn | 192.56 ± 6.50 b | 331.89 ± 21.33 a | 315.24 ± 22.79 a | 306.89 ± 24.08 a | 295.95 ± 20.53 a | |
2021 | Spring | 198.52 ± 7.04 b | 349.79 ± 14.64 a | 333.88 ± 12.92 a | 327.97 ± 19.77 a | 323.16 ± 22.52 a |
Autumn | 190.31 ± 6.54 b | 302.37 ± 25.20 a | 295.28 ± 26.72 a | 283.10 ± 16.86 a | 272.86 ± 18.58 a | |
2017–2021 | Spring–autumn | 209.45 ± 10.15 b | 337.02 ± 9.95 a | 326.79 ± 7.03 a | 319.96 ± 7.84 a | 312.10 ± 9.53 a |
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Wang, X.; Cao, B.; Zhou, Y.; Zhao, M.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J.; Liang, L. Effects of Long-Term Controlled-Release Urea on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions in an Open-Field Lettuce System. Plants 2024, 13, 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081071
Wang X, Cao B, Zhou Y, Zhao M, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Liang L. Effects of Long-Term Controlled-Release Urea on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions in an Open-Field Lettuce System. Plants. 2024; 13(8):1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081071
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xuexia, Bing Cao, Yapeng Zhou, Meng Zhao, Yanhua Chen, Jiajia Zhang, Jiachen Wang, and Lina Liang. 2024. "Effects of Long-Term Controlled-Release Urea on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions in an Open-Field Lettuce System" Plants 13, no. 8: 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081071