Chemical Profile, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oils and Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Composition
2.2. Total Phenols Content
2.3. Antibacterial Activity
2.4. Antioxidant Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Extraction Protocol
3.2.1. Essential Oil
3.2.2. Preparation of Crude Extracts
3.3. Chromatographic Analysis
3.4. Determination of Phenolic Content
3.4.1. Total Phenol Content
3.4.2. Total Flavonoid Content
3.4.3. Total Tannin Content
3.5. Antimicrobial Activity
3.5.1. Microorganisms Studied
3.5.2. Disc Diffusion Assay
3.5.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.6. Antioxidant Activity
3.6.1. Ferric Reducing Power (FRP) Assay
3.6.2. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical KI | Compound | Area % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ZO | EC | |||
α-Pinene | 936 | 1.23 | 0.57 | |
Camphene | 955 | 3.29 | - | |
Sabinene | 977 | 0.32 | 2.11 | |
β-Pinene | 980 | 1.15 | 0.69 | |
1.8-cineol | 1035 | 6.00 | 43.47 | |
γ-Terpinene | 1059 | 0.07 | 0.72 | |
Trans-Sabinene hydrate | 1067 | - | 0.21 | |
Cis-Linalool oxide | 1077 | - | 0.06 | |
Terpinolene | 1090 | 0.24 | 0.40 | |
Linalool | 1099 | 0.60 | 10.26 | |
Cis-2-p-Menthen-1-ol | 1122 | - | 0.20 | |
Camphor | 1145 | 0.09 | - | |
Camphene hydrate | 1150 | 0.14 | - | |
Isoborneol | 1158 | 0.12 | - | |
Endo-Borneol | 1167 | 1.80 | - | |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1179 | 0.33 | 4.77 | |
Isobornylmethyl ether | 1184 | 0.15 | - | |
α-Terpineol | 1196 | 1.10 | 6.98 | |
Neral | 1241 | 4.06 | 0.49 | |
Linalyl acetate | 1258 | - | 1.77 | |
Geranial | 1269 | 5.13 | - | |
2-Undecanone | 1292 | 0.19 | - | |
α-Terpinyl acetate | 1351 | 0.34 | 21.56 | |
Geranyl acetate | 1376 | - | 0.38 | |
α-Copaene | 1377 | 0.29 | - | |
β-Elemene | 1392 | 0.69 | - | |
Benzeneacetaldehyde, α-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl) | 1394 | 0.19 | - | |
Cis-α-Bergamotene | 1396 | 0.18 | - | |
γ-Elemene | 1445 | 0.55 | - | |
Aromadendrene | 1461 | 0.30 | - | |
Germacrene D | 1477 | 1.12 | - | |
γ-Muurolene | 1478 | 3.21 | - | |
Ar-Curcumene | 1483 | 8.40 | - | |
α-Zingiberene | 1495 | 22.18 | - | |
β-Bisabolene | 1509 | 4.96 | - | |
β-Sesquiphellandrene | 1524 | 11.05 | - | |
Elemol | 1549 | 1.01 | - | |
Nerolidol | 1565 | 0.38 | - | |
Trans-Sesquisabinene hydrate | 1583 | 1.18 | - | |
10-epi-γ-Eudesmol | 1622 | 0.41 | - | |
7-epi-cis-sesquisabinene hydrate | 1623 | 0.64 | - | |
α-Elemene | 1624 | 0.79 | - | |
Zingiberenol | 1626 | 1.95 | - | |
β- Eudesmol | 1650 | 1.12 | - | |
Trans-Isolongifolanone | 1662 | 0.36 | - | |
β-Bisabolol | 1672 | 0.97 | - | |
Xanthorrhizol | 1684 | 0.21 | - | |
Ambrial | 1736 | - | 0.11 | |
Farnesyl acetate | 1742 | 0.67 | - | |
Total identified | 89.16 % | 94.75 % |
Zingiber Officinale | Elettaria Cardamomum | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EE | ME | CE | EE | ME | CE | |
TPC (mg GAE/g extract) | 29.78 ± 1.43 | 25.15 ± 0.23 | 14.41 ± 1.07 | 33.45 ± 0.35 | 31.06 ± 2.10 | 20.36 ± 1.25 |
TFC (mg RE/g extract) | 44.01 ± 2.74 | 30.59 ± 1.41 | 20.27 ± 1.97 | 67.38 ± 1.03 | 58.41 ± 2.03 | 25.01 ± 1.61 |
TTC (mg CE/g extract) | 6.78 ± 0.25 | 3.64 ± 1.10 | 0.19 ± 2.51 | 10.25 ± 1.84 | 8.72 ± 1.36 | 1.49 ± 0.91 |
Inhibition Zone Diameter (mm) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zingiber officinale | Elettaria cardamomum | Antibiotics | ||||||||
EO | EE | ME | CE | EO | EE | ME | CE | AML | AMP | |
Staphylococcus aureus | 24 ± 0.66 a | 8 ± 0.57 a | 7 ± 00 a | 7 ± 0.66 a | 20 ± 0.44 a | 9 ± 0.88 a | 8 ± 0.5 a | 10 ± 0.33 a | 12 | 0 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 13 ± 0.88 a | 8 ± 00 a | 7 ± 00 a | 7 ± 0.44 a | 14 ± 1.11 | 10 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 10 ± 0.66 a | 7 | 0 |
Escherichia coli | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 | 0 |
klebsiella Pneumoniae | 0 ± 00 | 7 ± 0.44 a | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 7 ± 0.33 a | 0 ± 00 | 00 ± 00 | 14 | 13 |
Proteus Mirabibilis | 7 ± 0.44 b | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 7 ± 0.44 b | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 | 0 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 7 ± 0.12 b | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 7 ± 0.66 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 | 0 |
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 | 0 |
Candida albicans | 13 ± 0.44 b | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 13 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 9 ± 0.33 | Nt | Nt |
Candida tropicalis | 12 ± 00 a | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 12 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | 0 ± 00 | Nt | Nt |
Microorganisms | CMI (µL/mL) | |
---|---|---|
BACTERIA | EC | ZO |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 2 µL/mL | 2 µL/mL |
Staphylococcus aureus | 2 µL/mL | 2 µL/mL |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 4 µL/mL | 2 µL/mL |
Escherichia coli | 10 µL/mL | <10 µL/mL |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 10 µL/mL | <10 µL/mL |
Proteus mirabilis | <10 µL/mL | <10 µL/mL |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | <10 µL/mL | <10 µL/mL |
YEASTS | ||
Candida albicans | 2 µL/mL | 2 µL/mL |
Candida tropicalis | 2 µL/mL | 2 µL/mL |
Plant | Extracts | DPPH IC50 (mg/mL) | FRP mg EAA/g |
---|---|---|---|
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | EE | 0.712 ± 0.012 a,* | 94.5 ± 0.09 b |
ME | 0.930 ± 0.082 b | 88.12 ± 0.11 b | |
CE | 1.218 ± 0.130 b,* | 13.22 ± 0.05 b | |
EO | 1.298 ± 0.002 b | 31.1 ± 2.1 a,* | |
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | EE | 0.423 ± 0.015 a | 95.03 ± 0.076 a |
ME | 0.731 ± 0.10 a | 85.76 ± 0.03 a | |
CE | 1.030 ± 0.02 b | 14.08 ± 0.04 b | |
EO | 1.429 ± 0.01 b | 16.7 ± 0.1 b | |
Ascorbic acid | 0.291 ± 0.31 | - |
TPC | TFC | TTC | DPPH | FRP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC | 1 | 0.925 ** | 0.969 ** | −0.969 ** | 0.904 * |
TFC | 0.925 ** | 1 | 0.987 ** | −0.934 ** | 0.761 |
TTC | 0.969 ** | 0.987 ** | 1 | −0.956 ** | 0.845 * |
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Tarfaoui, K.; Brhadda, N.; Ziri, R.; Oubihi, A.; Imtara, H.; Haida, S.; Al kamaly, O.M.; Saleh, A.; Parvez, M.K.; Fettach, S.; et al. Chemical Profile, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oils and Extracts. Plants 2022, 11, 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111487
Tarfaoui K, Brhadda N, Ziri R, Oubihi A, Imtara H, Haida S, Al kamaly OM, Saleh A, Parvez MK, Fettach S, et al. Chemical Profile, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oils and Extracts. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111487
Chicago/Turabian StyleTarfaoui, Kelthoum, Najiba Brhadda, Rabea Ziri, Asmaa Oubihi, Hamada Imtara, Sara Haida, Omkulthom M. Al kamaly, Asmaa Saleh, Mohammad Khalid Parvez, Saad Fettach, and et al. 2022. "Chemical Profile, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oils and Extracts" Plants 11, no. 11: 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111487