Next Article in Journal
Connexin 43 Phosphorylation: Implications in Multiple Diseases
Previous Article in Journal
Not So Similar: Different Ways of Nb(V) and Ta(V) Catecholate Complexation
Previous Article in Special Issue
The Corey-Seebach Reagent in the 21st Century: A Review
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 28
Issue 13
10.3390/molecules28134913
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Bridged 1,2,4-Trioxolanes: SnCl4—Catalyzed Synthesis and an In Vitro Study against S. mansoni

by
Peter S. Radulov
1,
Ivan A. Yaremenko
1,
Jennifer Keiser
2,3 and
Alexander O. Terent’ev
1,*
1
N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
2
Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
3
University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(13), 4913; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134913
Submission received: 20 February 2023 / Revised: 3 April 2023 / Accepted: 20 June 2023 / Published: 22 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Organic Synthesis Related to Natural Compounds)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A synthesis of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes (bridged ozonides) from 1,5-diketones and hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by SnCl4 was developed. It was shown that the ratio of target ozonides can be affected by the application of SnCl4 as a catalyst and varying the solvent. A wide range of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides) was obtained in yields from 50 to 84%. The ozonide cycle was moderately resistant to the reduction of the ester group near the peroxide cycle to alcohol with LiAlH4. The bridged ozonides were evaluated for their antischistosomal activity. These ozonides exhibited a very high activity against newly transformed schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Organic peroxides related to the natural peroxide Artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives are a promising class of compounds for medicinal chemistry due to their antimalarial [1,2,3,4], antileishmanial [5,6], antischistosomal [7,8], anticancer [9,10,11], antifungal [12,13,14], antitubercular [15,16], and antiviral [17,18,19] activities (Figure 1). Among the synthetic peroxides, ozonides are the most attractive class. For example, synthetic ozonide OZ277 (“arterolane”) is used for the treatment of malaria. Additionally, this synthetic peroxide is active against α-coronavirus NL63, β-coronaviruses OC43, and SARS-CoV-2 [20,21,22]. Ozonides OZ418, OZ165, and their derivatives exhibit promising antischistosomal activity [23]. We found that bridged ozonides synthesized from β,δ’-triketones and H2O2 [24] also exhibit antischistosomal activity in vitro and in vivo [25]. It should be noted that bridged ozonides contain a bicyclic system related to that of natural Artemisinin. Semisynthetic artemisinins and their synthetic analogues, which are particularly active against juvenile schistosomes, have promise for the prevention of schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma [26]. It affects more than 250 million people each year, mostly children from poor tropical rural areas, with praziquantel being the only therapy available. In the event of resistance, the treatment of schistosomiasis would be at risk [27,28]. Moreover, praziquantel, the only drug available for the treatment of schistosomiasis, is not effective against the juvenile stages of the parasite [29,30].
Carbonyl compounds, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroperoxides are convenient and important reagents for the synthesis of organic peroxides. On the basis of this, approaches to the synthesis of bis-hydroperoxides [31,32,33,34,35,36,37], bis-peroxides [38,39], 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes [40,41,42,43,44], cyclic triperoxides [45,46], tricyclic monoperoxides [47,48], peroxylactones [49,50], and aminoperoxides [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59] have been developed. However, approaches to the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides) are limited. Traditionally, they are obtained via the ozonolysis of alkenes [60]. Another interesting approach to the synthesis of ozonides is the reaction of O-methyl oximes with carbonyl compounds in the presence of ozone (Griesbaum coozonolysis) [61]. The scarcity of approaches to the synthesis of ozonides constrains the structural diversity of the latter. Thus, it is time to tackle this issue, working out new concepts for the synthesis of ozonides. Recently, it was found that bridged ozonides can be obtained via the acid-catalyzed peroxidation of 1,5-diketones [62,63,64,65]. In our study, SnCl4 was shown to act as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of bridged ozonides from 1,5-diketones and hydrogen peroxide. This finding expands the chemistry of peroxides and also provides new opportunities for the ozone-free synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes. Bridged ozonides were tested for their antischistosomal activity against NTS (newly transformed schistosomula) and adult S. mansoni.

2. Results and Discussion

1,5-Diketone 1a was selected as a model substrate for the reaction with hydrogen peroxide. We evaluated the amount of SnCl4, H2O2, and the type of solvent on the assembly of peroxides 2a and 3a (Table 1). In the first stage, we chose 1.5 eq. of H2O2 and 1.0 eq. of SnCl4, with respect to diketone 1a and THF as a solvent. A slight excess of hydrogen peroxide was chosen to achieve the complete conversion of diketone 1a. The conversion of 1,5-diketone 1a was monitored via TLC. The ratio of stereoisomeric ozonides 2a and 3a was established using NMR. After 24 h, the yield of peroxides 2a and 3a and the conversion of 1a were 21% and 85%, respectively (entry 1, Table 1). In the case of using 3 eq. of SnCl4, the conversion of the diketone reached 100% in 24 h, and the yield of peroxides 2a and 3a was 64% (entry 2, Table 1). When using 5 eq. of SnCl4, the yield of ozonides 2a and 3a increased to 83% (2a:3a = 1:1) (entry 4, Table 1). A further increase in the amount of SnCl4 did not lead to an increase in the yield of the ozonides. In the case of using 3 eq. of H2O2, the yield of the ozonides was 70–71% when using both 3 eq. and 5 eq. of SnCl4 (entries 3 and 5, Table 1). Based on these results, the molar ratio of 1,5–diketone 1a:H2O2:SnCl4 = 1:1.5:5.0 was chosen as optimal. Ozonides 2a and 3a were also obtained in high yield using 1,4-dioxane and Et2O as solvents (81% and 79%, respectively). However, the ratio of 2a:3a was not 1:1 as in the case of entry 4 of Table 1, but 2.6:1.0 and 8.6:1.0, respectively (entries 6 and 7, Table 1). Thus, the ratio of ozonides can be tuned by varying the solvent to achieve the desired outcome. In cases of CH3CN and CH2Cl2, the formation of ozonides was not observed.
To further study their antischistosomal activity, bridged ozonides were synthesized under the best conditions (entry 4, Table 1). These conditions are the most suitable for obtaining each diastereosomer in individual form, since diastereosomers can behave differently in biological tests. With the optimal conditions in hand, we explored the scope and limitations of the assembly of ozonides 2 and 3. As demonstrated in Scheme 1, a series of ozonides, containing various functional groups and moieties, i.e., an alkene, nitrile, ester, or aromatic core, could be obtained in good to excellent yields. Interestingly, the alkene function remained unchanged under the reaction conditions and the possible products of epoxidation were not detected. The yields were in the range from 50% (for ozonides from diketone 1k) to 84% (for ozonides from diketone 1j). Peroxides 2a–k and 3a–k were separated using ordinary column chromatography. Surprisingly, under the action of tin chloride, the ozonides were selectively formed, rather than a complex inseparable mixture. Under the action of SnCl4, the resulting peroxides could potentially undergo transformation with the cleavage of the O-O bond. Thus, we discovered a new nature of SnCl4 and new directions for the use of SnCl4 in peroxide chemistry.
In the present study, it was found that the reduction of the ester group in ozonides 2a and 3a at −22 °C occurred with the formation of ozonide 4 with a primary alcohol functional group (Scheme 2). However, at −78 °C, the reduction of this ester group did not occur [62,63]. Additionally, at room temperature, both the ester group and peroxide cycle were reduced. The ozonide cycle of peroxide 2a turned out to be moderately resistant to LiAlH4 under these conditions, but at the same time, peroxide 3a turned out to be very sensitive. On the other hand, such a different sensitivity of the ozonides made it possible to obtain only one diastereoisomer from a mixture of initial ozonides, albeit with a yield of 20%. Such a transformation can open up new possibilities for expanding the structural diversity of peroxides.

In Vitro Drug Assay on Newly Transformed Schistosomula (NTS) and Adult Schistosomes

In order to search for new agents against Schistosoma mansoni based on organic peroxides, a preliminary evaluation of the synthesized ozonides was carried out. Twenty synthesized bridged ozonides, 2b–k and 3b–k, were tested for their antischistosomal activity against the larval schistosome stage. At the highest drug concentration (33.3 µM), 11 compounds (2b–f, 2h–k, 3c, 3h, and 3j) were highly effective against NTS (newly transformed schistosomula) (effect > 90%). In most cases, isomer 2 was more active than isomer 3. At 10 µM, only seven of them (2b–e, 2i, 3c, and 3h) (Table 2) still showed a moderate activity (effect > 50%) and progressed into being tested against adult worms. Among these seven compounds, only four, 2c, 2d, 2i, and 3c, respectively, were moderately active against adult schistosomes (effect > 50% at 10 µM). A high activity (>70%) against adult schistosomes was observed with compounds 2c, 2d, and 3c. We compared our results with two reference compounds, praziquantel (the drug of choice) and artesunate (a key antimalarial peroxide). Compounds 2d, 2e, 2j, and 3c were more active than artesunate and praziquantel against newly transformed schistosomula. In comparison to artesunate, which is not active against adult schistosomes in vitro (IC50 > 38 μM [66]), several compounds were active against this stage of the parasite. The results obtained demonstrated that this antischistosomal activity is highly dependent on the ozonide isomer structure and type of substituent in the bridge. This may indicate that ozonides do not act as oxidizers. It is likely that, by varying the substituents in the benzene ring, it will be possible to achieve promising results in the future.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Materials and Methods

Caution: precautions should be taken when working with peroxides, such as the use of protective screens, fume hoods, and the avoidance of the contact of peroxides with transition metal salts, heat, and shaking.
The NMR spectra were recorded on a commercial instrument (300.13 MHz for 1Н, 75.48 MHz for 13С) in СDCl3. High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were acquired on a Brucker micrOTOF II instrument using electrospray ionization (ESI). The measurements were performed in positive ion mode (interface capillary voltage of 4500 V); the mass ratio was from m/z 50 to 3000; and the external/internal calibration was performed using Electrospray Calibrant Solution. A syringe injection was used for the solutions in MeCN (flow rate of 3 μL/min). Nitrogen was applied as a dry gas and the interface temperature was set at 180 °C. IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ALPHA spectrometer.
The TLC analysis was carried out on silica gel chromatography plates of Macherey-Nagel Alugram UV254. The sorbent: Silica 60, a specific surface (BET) of ~ 500 m2/g, a mean pore size of 60 Å, a specific pore volume of 0.75 mL/g, and a particle size of 5–17 µm. The binder: a highly polymeric product stable in almost all the organic solvents and resistant towards aggressive visualization reagents. The melting points were determined using Kofler hot-stage apparatus. The chromatography of the 1,5-diketones was performed on silica gel (0.060–0.200 mm, 60 A, CAS 7631-86-9). The chromatography of the ozonides was performed on silica gel (0.040–0.060 mm, 60 A, CAS 7631-86-9).
SnCl4, H2O2 (35% aq.), and MgSO4, were purchased from commercial sources and used as received. An ethereal solution of H2O2 in Et2O (5.1 M) was prepared via an extraction with Et2O (5 × 100 mL) from a 35% aqueous solution (100 mL), followed by drying over MgSO4. Then, part of Et2O was removed in the vacuum of a membrane vacuum pump at 20–25 °C and titrated iodometrically [12,67]. All the solvents were distilled before use, using standard procedures.

3.2. Synthesis of Starting Compounds

1,5-Diketones 1a [12] and 1b–k [63] were synthesized according to known procedures.

3.3. Procedure for the Synthesis of Ozonides 2a and 3a from 1,5-Diketone 1a, for Table 1

An ethereal solution of H2O2 in Et2O (5.1 M) (0.27–0.54 mL, 1.4–2.8 mmol, and 1.5–3.0 mol of Н2О2/1.0 mol of 1a) and SnCl4 (0.11–0.54 mL, 0.9–4.6 mmol, and 1.0–5.0 mol of SnCl4/1.0 mol of 1a) was added to a solution of 1a (0.30 g, 0.9 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL), with stirring at 0–5 °С. The reaction mixture was warmed to 20–25 °С and stirred for 24 h. Then, CHCl3 (40 mL) were added successively and the mixture was washed with water (10 mL), a saturated aq. sol. of NaHCO3 (10 mL), and then with water (2 × 10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and filtered. The solvent was removed in the vacuum of a water jet pump.
Peroxides 2a and 3a were isolated using column chromatography on SiO2 with the use of a petroleum ether (PE):ethyl acetate (EA) mixture as the eluent, with a gradient of EA from 1 to 5 vol. %.

3.4. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Ozonides 2a–k and 3a–k from 1,5-Diketones 1a–k, for Scheme 1

An ethereal solution of H2O2 in Et2O (0.24–0.44 mL, 1.2–2.2 mmol, and 1.5 mol of Н2О2/1.0 mol of 1a–k) and SnCl4 (0.47–0.87 mL, 4.1–7.5 mmol, and 5.0 mol of SnCl4/1.0 mol of 1a–k) were added successively to a solution of 1a–k (0.30 g, 0.8–1.5 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL), with stirring at 0–5 °С. The reaction mixture was warmed to 20–25 °С and stirred for 24 h. Then, CHCl3 (40 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with water (10 mL), a saturated aq. sol. of NaHCO3 (10 mL), and then with water (2 × 10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and filtered. The solvent was removed in the vacuum of a water jet pump.
Peroxides 2a–k and 3a–k were isolated using column chromatography on SiO2 with the use of a PE:EA mixture as the eluent, with a gradient of EA from 1 to 5 vol. %.
2a: 110.1 mg, 0.32 mmol, and yield 35%; 3a: 98.8 mg, 0.26 mmol, and yield 29%; 2b: 69.6 mg, 0.22 mmol, and yield 22%; 3b: 57.0 mg, 0.19 mmol, and yield 18%; 2c: 100.2 mg, 0.26 mmol, and yield 32%; 3c: 87.6 mg, 0.23 mmol, and yield 28%; 2d: 104.2 mg, 0.32 mmol, and yield 33%; 3d: 85.3 mg, 0.26 mmol, and yield 27%; 2e: 94.4 mg, 0.27 mmol, and yield 30%; 3e: 69.2 mg, 0.19 mmol, and yield 22%; 2f: 38.9 mg, 0.18 mmol, and yield 12%; 3f: 81.0 mg, 0.37 mmol, and yield 25%; 2g: 99.5 mg, 0.40 mmol, and yield 31%; 3g: 41.7 mg, 0.17 mmol, and yield 13%; 2h: 117.9 mg, 0.43 mmol, and yield 37%; 3h: 76.5 mg, 0.28 mmol, and yield 24%; 2i: 85.6 mg, 0.28 mmol, and yield 27%; 3i: 76.0 mg, 0.25 mmol, and yield 24%; 2j: 112.0 mg, 0.44 mmol, and yield 35%; 3j: 99.2 mg, 0.38 mmol, and yield 31%; 2k: 98.9 mg, 0.37 mmol, and yield 31%; and 3k: 47.8 mg, 0.18 mmol, and yield 15%.
Mixtures of peroxides 2a–k and 3a–k were isolated using column chromatography on SiO2 with the use of a PE:EA mixture as the eluent, with a gradient of EA from 5 to 20 vol. %.
2a and 3a: 251.8 mg, 0.74 mmol, and yield 80%; 2b and 3b: 190.0 mg, 0.62 mmol, and yield 60%; 2c and 3c: 237.4 mg, 0.65 mmol, and yield 80%; 2d and 3d: 236.8 mg, 0.74 mmol, and yield 75%; 2e and 3e: 207.5 mg, 0.59 mmol, and yield 66%; 2f and 3f: 210.6 mg, 0.97 mmol, and yield 65%; 2g and 3g: 224.7 mg, 0.92 mmol, and yield 70%; 2h and 3h: 239.0 mg, 0.88 mmol, and yield 75%; 2i and 3i: 231.3 mg, 0.77 mmol, and yield 73%; 2j and 3j: 268.8 mg, 1.04 mmol, and yield 84%; and 2k and 3k: 159.5 mg, 0.59 mmol, and yield 50%.
Compounds 2a–k and 3a–k are known and were described in our previous studies [12,63].

3.4.1. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2a)

White crystals. Mp = 99–100 °С. (Lit. [12] Mp = 99–100 °С). Rf = 0.46 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.21 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.12–1.97 (m, 2H), 1.79 (s, 3H), 1.82–1.53 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 3H), and 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.3, 134.6, 132.9, 131.3, 128.5, 111.1, 109.9, 61.3, 54.2, 40.3, 32.9, 25.8, 20.6, 18.8, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H21ClO5: C, 59.91; H, 6.21; and Cl, 10.40. Found: C, 59.98; H, 6.27; and Cl, 10.49.

3.4.2. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3a)

White crystals. Mp = 89–90 °С. (Lit. [12] Mp = 89–90 °С). Rf = 0.40 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.23 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (td, J = 13.2, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 1.97–1.75 (m, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.56 (s, 3H), 1.52–1.40 (m, 1H), and 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.4, 135.8, 132.9, 131.4, 128.6, 111.3, 109.2, 61.4, 54.4, 37.0, 31.2, 21.8, 20.8, 19.1, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H21ClO5: C, 59.91; H, 6.21; and Cl, 10.40. Found: C, 59.99; H, 6.27; and Cl, 10.46.

3.4.3. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-benzyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2b)

White crystals. Mp = 59–60 °С. (Lit. [63] Mp = 59–60 °С). Rf = 0.67 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.33–7.21 (m, 3H), 7.17–7.06 (m, 2H), 4.23 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.15–1.97 (m, 2H), 1.86 (s, 3H), 1.89–1.59 (m, 2H), 1.52 (s, 3H), and 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.5, 136.1, 130.0, 128.3, 126.9, 111.2, 109.9, 61.1, 54.3, 41.0, 32.9, 25.8, 20.6, 18.8, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H22O5: C, 66.65; and H, 7.24. Found: C, 66.69; and H, 7.28.

3.4.4. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-benzyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3b)

White crystals. Mp = 42–43 °С. (Lit. [63] Mp = 42–43 °С). Rf = 0.63 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.33–7.20 (m, 3H), 7.18–7.08 (m, 2H), 4.18 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (td, J = 13.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 1.77–2.03 (m, 2H), 1.70 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.64–1.47 (m, 1H), and 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.6, 137.3, 130.0, 128.4, 128.3, 126.9, 111.5, 109.2, 61.2, 54.4, 37.8, 31.2, 21.8, 20.9, 19.1, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H22O5: C, 66.65; and H, 7.24. Found: C, 66.72; and H, 7.31.

3.4.5. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-(4-bromobenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2c)

White crystals. Mp = 108–109 °С. (Lit. [63] Mp = 108–109 °С). Rf = 0.63 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.37 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (s, 3H), 2.14–1.89 (m, 2H), 1.84–1.54 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 3H), and 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.3, 135.2, 131.7, 131.5, 121.0, 111.0, 109.9, 61.3, 54.1, 40.4, 32.9, 25.7, 20.6, 18.7, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H21BrO5: C, 53.00; H, 5.49; and Br, 20.74. Found: C, 53.09; H, 5.57; and Br, 20.79.

3.4.6. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-(4-bromobenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3c)

White crystals. Mp = 104–105 °С. (Lit. [63] Mp = 104–105 °С).Rf = 0.59 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.37 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (td, J = 13.2, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.96–1.73 (m, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.52–1.40 (m, 1H), 1.55 (s, 3H), and 1.22 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.4, 136.3, 131.8, 131.6, 121.0, 111.3, 109.2, 61.4, 54.3, 37.1, 31.2, 21.8, 20.8, 19.1, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H21BrO5: C, 53.00; H, 5.49; and Br, 20.74. Found: C, 53.07; H, 5.55; and Br, 20.81.

3.4.7. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-1,5-dimethyl-2-(4-methylbenzyl)-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2d)

White crystals. Mp = 62–64 °С. (Lit. [63] Mp = 62–64 °С). Rf = 0.51 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.06 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.12–1.92 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.81 (s, 3H), 1.79–1.54 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 3H), and 1.27 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.6, 136.4, 132.9, 129.8, 129.0, 111.2, 109.9, 61.1, 54.3, 40.6, 32.9, 25.8, 21.2, 20.6, 18.8, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C18H24O5: C, 67.48; H, 7.55; and Cl. Found: C, 67.55; and H, 7.62.

3.4.8. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-1,5-dimethyl-2-(4-methylbenzyl)-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3d)

White crystals. Mp = 48–50 °С. (Lit. [63] Mp = 48–50 °С). Rf = 0.47 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.08 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (td, J = 13.2, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.04–1.74 (m, 2H), 1.68 (s, 3H), 1.62 –1.47 (m, 1H), 1.56 (s, 3H), and 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.7, 136.5, 134.1, 129.9, 129.1, 111.5, 109.2, 61.2, 54.5, 37.3, 31.3, 21.8, 21.1, 20.9, 19.1, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C18H24O5: C, 67.48; H, 7.55; and Cl. Found: C, 67.57; and H, 7.63.

3.4.9. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-1,5-dimethyl-2-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2e)

White crystals. Mp = 97–98 °С (Lit. [63] Mp = 97–98 °С). Rf = 0.44 (TLC, PE:EA, 5:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 8.10 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 2.13–1.94 (m, 2H), 1.78 (s, 3H), 1.86–1.73 (m, 1H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.62–1.44 (m, 1H), and 1.27 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.1, 147.2, 144.1, 130.9, 123.6, 110.9, 109.9, 61.4, 54.1, 40.8, 32.8, 25.8, 20.6, 18.7, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H21NO7: C, 58.11; H, 6.02; and N, 3.99. Found: C, 58.17; H, 6.08; and N, 4.05.

3.4.10. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-1,5-dimethyl-2-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3e)

White crystals. Mp = 143–144 °С (Lit. [63] Mp = 143–144 °С). Rf = 0.50 (TLC, PE:EA, 5:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 8.12 (d, J = 8.75 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 2.75–2.59 (m, 1H), 1.94–1.78 (m, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.47 –1.37 (m, 1H), and 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.2, 147.2, 145.2, 131.0, 123.6, 111.0, 109.2, 61.7, 54.4, 37.5, 31.1, 21.9, 20.8, 19.0, and 14.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H21NO5: C, 58.11; H, 6.02; and N, 3.99. Found: C, 58.22; H, 6.11, and N, 4.09.

3.4.11. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2f)

Colorless oil. Rf = 0.42 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.03–4.29 (m, 2H), 2.73 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51–2.27 (m, 1H), 2.28–2.02 (m, 1H), 2.01 –1.81 (m, 1H), 1.81–1.67 (m, 1H), 1.62 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), and 1.27 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 171.3, 110.0, 108.1, 60.9, 46.8, 31.1, 21.1, 21.0, 20.5, and 14.3. Anal. Calcd for C10H16O5: C, 55.55; and H, 7.46. Found: C, 55.65; and H, 7.49.

3.4.12. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3f)

White crystals. Mp = 50–51 °С (Lit. [63] Mp = 49–50 °С). Rf = 0.31 (TLC, PE:EA, 10:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.16 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (dd, J = 12.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.57–2.37 (m, 1H), 1.98–1.70 (m, 3H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), and 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 171.6, 108.7, 107.7, 60.9, 49.4, 33.4, 21.3, 21.0, 20.4, and 14.3, Anal. Calcd for C10H16O5: C, 55.55; and H, 7.46. Found: C, 55.59; and H, 7.50.

3.4.13. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2g)

Colorless oil. Rf = 0.42 (TLC, PE:EA, 20:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.19 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.33–2.04 (m, 2H), 1.99–1.74 (m, 3H), 1.67 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.53–1.38 (m, 1H), 1.28 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), and 0.79 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.9, 111.3, 109.6, 60.9, 53.7, 33.0, 28.1, 25.2, 20.6, 18.7, 14.3, and 8.2. Anal. Calcd for C12H20O5: C, 59.00; and H, 8.25. Found: C, 59.08; and H, 8.31.

3.4.14. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3g)

Colorless oil. Rf = 0.36 (TLC, PE:EA, 20:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.16 (q, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.73–2.59 (m, 1H), 2.00–1.63 (m, 1H), 1.84–1.62 (m, 4H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), and 0.84 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.9, 111.4, 108.9, 61.0, 53.8, 31.1, 24.5, 21.7, 20.7, 18.9, 14.3, and 9.3. Anal. Calcd for C14H24O5: C, 59.00; and H, 8.25. Found: C, 59.06; and H, 8.29.

3.4.15. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-butyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2h)

Slightly yellow oil. Rf = 0.40 (TLC, PE:EA, 20:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.24–4.11 (m, 2H), 2.19–2.05 (m, 2H), 1.95–1.71 (m, 3H), 1.67 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.53 1.35 (m, 1H), 1.34 –1.18 (m, 6H), 1.06–0.80 (m, 1H), and 0.86 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 173.0, 111.3, 109.6, 60.9, 53.3, 34.9, 33.0, 25.7, 26.0, 23.1, 20.6, 18.7, 14.2, and 14.0. Anal. Calcd for C14H24O5: C, 61.74; and H, 8.88. Found: C, 61.70; and H, 8.85.

3.4.16. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-butyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3h)

Colorless oil. Rf = 0.33 (TLC, PE:EA, 20:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.15 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.74–2.60 (m, 1H), 1.91–1.61 (m, 5H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.36–1.18 (m, 6H), 1.14–0.99 (m, 1H), and 0.89 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 173.0, 111.4, 108.9, 61.0, 53.4, 31.4, 31.2, 27.2, 23.3, 22.3, 20.7, 18.9, 14.2, and 14.0. Anal. Calcd for C14H24O5: C, 61.74; and H, 8.88. Found: C, 61.79; and H, 8.93.

3.4.17. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-hexyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2i)

Slightly yellow oil. Rf = 0.42 (TLC, PE:EA, 20:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.23–4.14 (m, 2H), 2.20–2.06 (m, 2H), 1.97–1.73 (m, 3H), 1.68 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.50 –1.36 (m, 1H), 1.33–1.18 (m, 10H), 1.09–0.90 (m, 1H), and 0.86 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 173.1, 111.4, 109.6, 60.9, 53.4, 35.2, 33.0, 31.7, 29.7, 25.7, 23.8, 22.7, 20.7, 18.8, 14.3, and 14.1. Anal. Calcd for C16H28O5: C, 63.97; and H, 9.40. Found: C, 64.02; and H, 9.47.

3.4.18. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-hexyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3i)

Colorless oil. Rf = 0.38 (TLC, PE:EA, 20:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.15 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.77–2.58 (m, 1H), 1.90–1.61 (m, 5H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.36–0.97 (m, 11H), and 0.94–0.79 (m, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 173.0, 111.4, 108.9, 61.0, 53.4, 31.8, 31.7, 31.2, 29.9, 25.0, 22.7, 22.4, 20.7, 18.9, 14.3, and 14.1. Anal. Calcd for C16H28O5: C, 63.97; and H, 9.40. Found: C, 64.05; and H, 9.48.

3.4.19. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-allyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2j)

Slightly yellow oil. Rf = 0.29 (TLC, PE:EA, 60:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 5.70–5.50 (m, 1H), 5.14–5.00 (m, 2H), 4.19 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (dd, J = 13.2, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.24 –1.86 (m, 4H), 1.84 –1.73 (m, 1H), 1.69 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), and 1.27 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.4, 132.4, 118.9, 110.9, 109.8, 61.1, 53.1, 39.8, 32.9, 25.9, 20.7, 18.7, and 14.3. Anal. Calcd for C13H20O5: C, 60.92; and H, 7.87. Found: C, 60.96; and H, 7.92.

3.4.20. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-allyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3j)

Slightly yellow oil. Rf = 0.23 (TLC, PE:EA, 20:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 5.72–5.53 (m, 1H), 5.13–5.03 (m, 2H), 4.16 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.78 –2.56 (m, 2H), 2.48 (dd, J = 13.9, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.83 –1.60 (m, 3H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 3H), and 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 172.6, 133.7, 118.7, 110.9, 109.0, 61.2, 52.8, 36.4, 30.8, 22.7, 20.8, 18.8, and 14.3. Anal. Calcd for C13H20O5: C, 60.92; and H, 7.87. Found: C, 60.97; and H, 7.91.

3.4.21. Ethyl (1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-(2-cyanoethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (2k)

White crystals. Mp = 83–84 °С (Lit. [63] Mp = 83–84 °С). Rf = 0.60 (TLC, PE:EA, 5:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.25 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.40–1.77 (m, 8H), 1.65 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), and 1.31 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 171.6, 118.9, 110.4, 109.7, 61.8, 52.2, 32.6, 30.8, 25.1, 20.6, 18.6, 14.2, and 12.4. Anal. Calcd for C13H19NO5: C, 57.98; H, 7.11; and N, 5.20. Found: C, 58.05; H, 7.16; and N, 5.27.

3.4.22. Ethyl (1R*,2R*,5S*)-2-(2-cyanoethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (3k)

Colorless oil. Rf = 0.51 (TLC, PE:EA, 5:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 4.22 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.88–2.75 (m, 1H), 2.45–2.16 (m, 4H), 1.94–1.78 (m, 2H), 1.73–1.61 (m, 1H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H), and 1.29 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 171.8, 119.4, 110.3, 109.0, 61.8, 52.7, 30.9, 27.1, 22.1, 20.6, 18.6, 14.2, and 13.4. Anal. Calcd for C13H19NO5: C, 57.98; H, 7.11; and N, 5.20. Found: C, 58.04; H, 7.13; and N, 5.26.

3.5. Synthesis of (2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl)methanol (4)

LiAlH4 (0.152 g, 4.0 mmol) was added to the solution of ozonides 2a and 3a (0.341 g, 1.0 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL), with stirring in the argon atmosphere at −22 °С. The reaction mixture was stirred at −22 °С for 72 h. Then, 5 mL of 5M NaOH solution and 15 mL of water were added at −22 °С. The reaction mixture was warmed to r.t. Then, 30 mL of CHCl3 was added. The organic layer was separated. Peroxide 4 was extracted with CHCl3 (3 × 15 mL) from the aqueous layer. The combined organic layers were washed with 5 mL of water, dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The solvent was removed and pure product 4 was obtained. Ozonide 4, 60.0 mg, 0.2 mmol, and yield 20%.

(1R*,2S*,5S*)-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl)methanol (4)

Colorless oil. Rf = 0.35 (TLC, PE:EA, 5:1). 1Н NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 7.26 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (dd, J = 11.0 Hz, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.19–2.05 (m, 1H), 1.80–1.70 (m, 3H), 1.68 (s, 3H), and 1.51 (s, 3H). 13С NMR (75.48 MHz, CDCl3), δ: 135.3, 132.4, 132.0, 128.2, 112.9, 109.1, 64.4, 44.6, 37.5, 32.2, 26.4, 20.8, and 18.7. HRMS (ESI-TOF): m/z [M + H]+: calculated for [C15H20ClO4]+: 299.1046; found: 299.1045. Anal. Calcd for C15H19ClO4: C, 60.30; H, 6.41; and Cl, 11.87. Found: C, 60.41; H, 6.52; and Cl, 11.96.

3.6. Maintenance of the Parasites at the Swiss TPH

The intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata snails infected with S. mansoni, were kept in water tanks under a natural temperature and humidity level. Three-week-old female NMRI mice were purchased from Charles River (Sulzfeld, Germany). After one week of acclimatization at the Swiss TPH animal facility, they were infected subcutaneously with 100 freshly harvested S. mansoni cercariae. They were then maintained for 7 weeks at 22 °C and 50% humidity, with an artificial 12 h day/night cycle and free access to rodent diet and water. All the procedures were performed according to the Swiss federal law and the cantonal regulations on animal experimentation (licence n°2070).

3.7. In Vitro Compound Screening on S. mansoni NTS and Adult S. mansoni

The S. mansoni cercariae were transformed into NTS according to standard procedures [68]. The resulting NTS suspension was diluted to a concentration of 100 NTS per 50 μL with the use of Medium 199 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The Medium 199 was supplemented with 5% iFCS (heat-inactivated fetal calf serum), 100 U/mL of penicillin, and 100 μg/mL of streptomycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The NTS suspension was incubated at 37 °C (5% CO2 in ambient air) to ensure its completed conversion into schistosomula (minimum of 12−24 h). After this, drug solutions were prepared in 96-flat bottom well-plates (BD Falcon, Corning, NY, USA) at concentrations of 33 and 10 µM with the use of the supplemented (iFCS and antibiotics) Medium 199. The NTS suspension was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37 °C (5% CO2 in ambient air) for 72h. NTS incubated in the presence of a blank medium containing the highest concentration of DMSO used served as a control. The NTS were evaluated using microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Germany, magnification 80×).
Adult flukes were collected from the hepatic portal and mesenteric veins of the infected NMRI mice (7−8 weeks post-infection), as described recently [68]. The schistosomes were placed in RPMI 1640 culture medium. The RPMI 1640 was supplemented with 5% iFCS, 100 U/mL of penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Then, the schistosomes in the medium were incubated at 37 °C (5% CO2 in ambient air) until their use. At least three schistosomes of both sexes were added to each well of 24-flat bottom well-plates (BD Falcon, USA), containing 2 mL of medium and 10 µM of the test drug. Schistosomes incubated in the presence of a blank medium containing the highest concentration of DMSO used served as a control. The schistosomes were incubated for 72 h and evaluated using microscopy, as summarized recently [68].

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have disclosed that SnCl4 is an efficient catalyst for the ozone-free synthesis of bridged ozonides from 1,5-diketones and hydrogen peroxide in moderate to high yields. Thus, we discovered a new nature of SnCl4 and new directions for its use in peroxide chemistry. We have also demonstrated that SnCl4 used as a catalyst along with a varying solvent affects the ratio of target ozonides. The ozonide cycle is moderately stable to LiAlH4, which makes it possible to carry out the reduction of the ester group located near the peroxide cycle. Such a transformation can open up additional features for the synthesis of novel hybrid molecules. Ozonides 2d, 2e, and 3c exhibited a very high activity against newly transformed schistosomula. The results obtained can be useful for the development of peroxide-based compounds against schistosomiasis.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28134913/s1, NMR and HRMS spectra.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, I.A.Y. and A.O.T.; methodology, P.S.R.; evaluation of the antischistosomal activity of peroxides, J.K.; writing—draft preparation, I.A.Y. and P.S.R.; writing—review and editing, I.A.Y. and A.O.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in insert article or Supplementary Materials here.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds 2–4 are available from the authors.

References

  1. Giannangelo, C.; Fowkes, F.J.I.; Simpson, J.A.; Charman, S.A.; Creek, D.J. Ozonide Antimalarial Activity in the Context of Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria. Trends. Parasitol. 2019, 35, 529–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. O’Neill, P.M.; Amewu, R.K.; Charman, S.A.; Sabbani, S.; Gnädig, N.F.; Straimer, J.; Fidock, D.A.; Shore, E.R.; Roberts, N.L.; Wong, M.H.L.; et al. A tetraoxane-based antimalarial drug candidate that overcomes PfK13-C580Y dependent artemisinin resistance. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Singh, P.; Sharma, C.; Sharma, B.; Mishra, A.; Agarwal, D.; Kannan, D.; Held, J.; Singh, S.; Awasthi, S.K. N-sulfonylpiperidinedispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes exhibit potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity and in vivo efficacy in mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2022, 244, 114774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Coghi, P.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Prommana, P.; Wu, J.N.; Zhang, R.L.; Ng, J.P.L.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Law, B.Y.K.; Radulov, P.S.; Uthaipibull, C.; et al. Antimalarial and Anticancer Activity Evaluation of Bridged Ozonides, Aminoperoxides, and Tetraoxanes. ChemMedChem. 2022, 17, e202200328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Cabral, L.I.L.; Pomel, S.; Cojean, S.; Amado, P.S.M.; Loiseau, P.M.; Cristiano, M.L.S. Synthesis and Antileishmanial Activity of 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes against Leishmania donovani. Molecules. 2020, 25, 465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Mendes, A.; Armada, A.; Cabral, L.I.L.; Amado, P.S.M.; Campino, L.; Cristiano, M.L.S.; Cortes, S. 1,2,4-Trioxolane and 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxane Endoperoxides against Old-World Leishmania Parasites: In Vitro Activity and Mode of Action. Pharmaceuticals. 2022, 15, 446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Saeed, M.E.M.; Krishna, S.; Greten, H.J.; Kremsner, P.G.; Efferth, T. Antischistosomal activity of artemisinin derivatives in vivo and in patients. Pharmacol. Res. 2016, 110, 216–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Zhang, X.-G.; Li, G.-X.; Zhao, S.-S.; Xu, F.-L.; Wang, Y.-H.; Wang, W. A review of dihydroartemisinin as another gift from traditional Chinese medicine not only for malaria control but also for schistosomiasis control. Parasitol. Res. 2014, 113, 1769–1773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Abrams, R.P.; Carroll, W.L.; Woerpel, K.A. Five-Membered Ring Peroxide Selectively Initiates Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS. Chem. Biol. 2016, 11, 1305–1312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  10. Yaremenko, I.A.; Coghi, P.; Prommana, P.; Qiu, C.; Radulov, P.S.; Qu, Y.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Zanforlin, E.; Kokorekin, V.A.; Wu, Y.Y.J.; et al. Synthetic peroxides promote apoptosis of cancer cells inhibiting of P-glycoprotein ABCB5. ChemMedChem. 2020, 15, 1118–1127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Gao, F.; Sun, Z.; Kong, F.; Xiao, J. Artemisinin-derived hybrids and their anticancer activity. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 188, 112044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Yaremenko, I.A.; Radulov, P.S.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Demina, A.A.; Fomenkov, D.I.; Barsukov, D.V.; Subbotina, I.R.; Fleury, F.; Terent’Ev, A.O. Catalyst Development for the Synthesis of Ozonides and Tetraoxanes Under Heterogeneous Conditions: Disclosure of an Unprecedented Class of Fungicides for Agricultural Application. Chem.—Eur. J. 2020, 26, 4734–4751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Dembitsky, V.M.; Yaremenko, I.A. Stable and Unstable 1,2-Dioxolanes: Origin, Synthesis, and Biological Activities. Sci. Synth. Knowl. Updates. 2020, 38, 277–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Yaremenko, I.A.; Syromyatnikov, M.Y.; Radulov, P.S.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Fomenkov, D.I.; Popov, V.N.; Terent’ev, A.O. Cyclic Synthetic Peroxides Inhibit Growth of Entomopathogenic Fungus Ascosphaera apis without Toxic Effect on Bumblebees. Molecules. 2020, 25, 1954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Chaudhary, S.; Sharma, V.; Jaiswal, P.K.; Gaikwad, A.N.; Sinha, S.K.; Puri, S.K.; Sharon, A.; Maulik, P.R.; Chaturvedi, V. Stable aricyclic antitubercular ozonides derived from Artemisinin. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 4948–4951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Zhou, F.-W.; Lei, H.-S.; Fan, L.; Jiang, L.; Liu, J.; Peng, X.-M.; Xu, X.-R.; Chen, L.; Zhou, C.-H.; Zou, Y.-Y.; et al. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dihydroartemisinin–fluoroquinolone conjugates as a novel type of potential antitubercular agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014, 24, 1912–1917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Chou, S.W.; Marousek, G.; Auerochs, S.; Stamminger, T.; Milbradt, J.; Marschall, M. The unique antiviral activity of artesunate is broadly effective against human cytomegaloviruses including therapy-resistant mutants. Antivir. Res. 2011, 92, 364–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Reiter, C.; Frohlich, T.; Gruber, L.; Hutterer, C.; Marschall, M.; Voigtlander, C.; Friedrich, O.; Kappes, B.; Efferth, T.; Tsogoeva, S.B. Highly potent artemisinin-derived dimers and trimers: Synthesis and evaluation of their antimalarial, antileukemia and antiviral activities. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 2015, 23, 5452–5458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Efferth, T. Beyond malaria: The inhibition of viruses by artemisinin-type compounds. Biotechnol. Adv. 2018, 36, 1730–1737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Zhou, Y.; Gilmore, K.; Ramirez, S.; Settels, E.; Gammeltoft, K.A.; Pham, L.V.; Fahnøe, U.; Feng, S.; Offersgaard, A.; Trimpert, J.; et al. In vitro efficacy of artemisinin-based treatments against SARS-CoV-2. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 14571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Herrmann, L.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Çapcı, A.; Struwe, J.; Tailor, D.; Dheeraj, A.; Hodek, J.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Radulov, P.; Weber, J.; et al. Synthesis and In Vitro Study of Artemisinin/Synthetic Peroxide Based Hybrid Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer. ChemMedChem. 2022, 17, e202200005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Ghosh, A.K.; Miller, H.; Knox, K.; Kundu, M.; Henrickson, K.J.; Arav-Boger, R. Inhibition of Human Coronaviruses by Antimalarial Peroxides. ACS. Infect. Dis. 2021, 7, 1985–1995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Wu, J.; Wang, X.; Chiu, F.C.K.; Häberli, C.; Shackleford, D.M.; Ryan, E.; Kamaraj, S.; Bulbule, V.J.; Wallick, A.I.; Dong, Y.; et al. Structure–Activity Relationship of Antischistosomal Ozonide Carboxylic Acids. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 63, 3723–3736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Yaremenko, I.A.; Terent’ev, A.O.; Vil, V.A.; Novikov, R.A.; Chernyshev, V.V.; Tafeenko, V.A.; Levitsky, D.O.; Fleury, F.; Nikishin, G.I. Approach for the Preparation of Various Classes of Peroxides Based on the Reaction of Triketones with H2O2: First Examples of Ozonide Rearrangements. Chem.—Eur. J. 2014, 20, 10160–10169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Cowan, N.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Krylov, I.B.; Terent’ev, A.O.; Keiser, J. Elucidation of the in vitro and in vivo activities of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes, bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, tricyclic monoperoxides, silyl peroxides, and hydroxylamine derivatives against Schistosoma mansoni. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 2015, 23, 5175–5181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. McManus, D.P.; Dunne, D.W.; Sacko, M.; Utzinger, J.; Vennervald, B.J.; Zhou, X.-N. Schistosomiasis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2018, 4, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Hess, J.; Panic, G.; Patra, M.; Mastrobuoni, L.; Spingler, B.; Roy, S.; Keiser, J.; Gasser, G. Ferrocenyl, Ruthenocenyl, and Benzyl Oxamniquine Derivatives with Cross-Species Activity against Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. ACS. Infect. Dis. 2017, 3, 645–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Ren, R.; Wang, X.; Leas, D.A.; Häberli, C.; Cal, M.; Dong, Y.; Kaiser, M.; Keiser, J.; Vennerstrom, J.L. Antischistosomal tetrahydro-γ-carboline sulfonamides. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2022, 59, 128546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Caffrey, C.R.; El-Sakkary, N.; Mäder, P.; Krieg, R.; Becker, K.; Schlitzer, M.; Drewry, D.H.; Vennerstrom, J.L.; Grevelding, C.G. Drug Discovery and Development for Schistosomiasis. In Neglected Tropical Diseases: Drug Discovery and Development; Swinney, D., Pollastri, M., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2019; pp. 187–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Lago, E.M.; Xavier, R.P.; Teixeira, T.R.; Silva, L.M.; da Silva Filho, A.A.; de Moraes, J. Antischistosomal agents: State of art and perspectives. Future Med. Chem. 2018, 10, 89–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Žmitek, K.; Zupan, M.; Stavber, S.; Iskra, J. Iodine as a Catalyst for Efficient Conversion of Ketones to gem-Dihydroperoxides by Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 2491–2494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Ghorai, P.; Dussault, P.H. Mild and Efficient Re(VII)-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,1-Dihydroperoxides. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 4577–4579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Li, Y.; Hao, H.-D.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, Y. A Broadly Applicable Mild Method for the Synthesis of gem-Diperoxides from Corresponding Ketones or 1,3-Dioxolanes. Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 1615–1618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Bunge, A.; Hamann, H.-J.; Liebscher, J. A simple, efficient and versatile synthesis of primary gem-dihydroperoxides from aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 524–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Azarifar, D.; Khosravi, K.; Soleimanei, F. Mild and Efficient Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate-Catalyzed Conversion of Ketones and Aldehydes into Corresponding gem- Dihydroperoxides by Aqueous H2O2. Molecules. 2010, 15, 1433–1441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  36. Liu, Y.-H.; Deng, J.; Gao, J.-W.; Zhang, Z.-H. Triflic Acid-Functionalized Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Synthesis of gem-Dihydroperoxides. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2012, 354, 441–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Surya Prakash, G.K.; Shakhmin, A.; Glinton, K.E.; Rao, S.; Mathew, T.; Olah, G.A. Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)–H2O2 and poly(4-vinylpyridine)–H2O2 complexes: Solid H2O2 equivalents for selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and ketones to gem-dihydroperoxides. Green. Chem. 2014, 16, 3616–3622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Bityukov, O.V.; Vil’, V.A.; Terent’ev, A.O. Synthesis of Acyclic Geminal Bis-peroxides. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2021, 57, 853–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Terent’ev, A.O.; Kutkin, A.V.; Troizky, N.A.; Ogibin, Y.N.; Nikishin, G.I. Synthesis of Geminal Bisperoxides by Acid-Catalyzed Reaction of Acetals and Enol Ethers with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. Synthesis. 2005, 13, 2215–2219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Ghorai, P.; Dussault, P.H. Broadly Applicable Synthesis of 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes. Org. Lett. 2008, 11, 213–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Novikov, V.L.; Shestak, O.P. Reactions of hydrogen peroxide with acetylacetone and 2-acetylcyclopentanone. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2014, 62, 2171–2190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Amado, P.S.M.; Frija, L.M.T.; Coelho, J.A.S.; O’Neill, P.M.; Cristiano, M.L.S. Synthesis of Non-symmetrical Dispiro-1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes and Dispiro-1,2,4-Trioxanes Catalyzed by Silica Sulfuric Acid. J. Org. Chem. 2021, 86, 10608–10620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Klapötke, T.M.; Stiasny, B.; Stierstorfer, J.; Winter, C.H. Energetic Organic Peroxides—Synthesis and Characterization of 1,4-Dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetraoxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2015, 2015, 6237–6242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Yaremenko, I.A.; Radulov, P.S.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Fomenkov, D.I.; Tsogoeva, S.B.; Terent’ev, A.O. Lewis Acids and Heteropoly Acids in the Synthesis of Organic Peroxides. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Rieche, A.; Bischoff, C.; Prescher, D. Alkylperoxyde, XXXV. Peroxyde des Triacetylmethans “Triacetylmethanperoxyd”. Chem. Ber. 1964, 97, 3071–3075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Radulov, P.S.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Demina, A.A.; Nikishin, G.I.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Terent’ev, A.O. Selective synthesis of cyclic triperoxides from 1,1′-dihydroperoxydi(cycloalkyl)peroxides and acetals using SnCl4. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2019, 68, 1289–1292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Terent’ev, A.O.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Glinushkin, A.P.; Nikishin, G.I. Synthesis of peroxides from β,δ-triketones under heterogeneous conditions. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 51, 1681–1687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Yaremenko, I.A.; Radulov, P.S.; Medvedev, M.G.; Krivoshchapov, N.V.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Ilovaisky, A.I.; Terent Ev, A.O.; Alabugin, I.V. How to Build Rigid Oxygen-Rich Tricyclic Heterocycles from Triketones and Hydrogen Peroxide: Control of Dynamic Covalent Chemistry with Inverse alpha-Effect. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 14588–14607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Vil’, V.A.; Barsegyan, Y.A.; Barsukov, D.V.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Alabugin, I.V.; Terent’ev, A.O. Peroxycarbenium Ions as the “Gatekeepers” in Reaction Design: Assistance from Inverse Alpha-Effect in Three-Component β-Alkoxy-β-peroxylactones Synthesis. Chem.—Eur. J. 2019, 25, 14460–14468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Vil’, V.A.; Barsegyan, Y.A.; Kuhn, L.; Ekimova, M.V.; Semenov, E.A.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Terent’ev, A.O.; Alabugin, I.V. Synthesis of unstrained Criegee intermediates: Inverse α-effect and other protective stereoelectronic forces can stop Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement of γ-hydroperoxy-γ-peroxylactones. Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 5313–5322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Hawkins, E.G.E. Reactions of organic peroxides. Part XI. Amino-peroxides from cyclic ketones. J. Chem. Soc. C. 1969, 2671–2677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Hawkins, E.G.E. Reactions of organic peroxides. Part XVI. Amino-peroxides from autoxidation of imines. J. Chem. Soc. C. 1971, 160–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Kaminskii, V.A.; Alekseev, V.I.; Tilichenko, M.N. Aminoperoxidation of 2,2′-methylenedicyclohexanone. Chem. Het. Comp. 1972, 8, 1551–1552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Shumakov, S.A.; Kaminskii, V.A.; Tilichenko, M.N. Hydroacridines and Related-Compounds. 22. Synthesis of Compounds with 2,6-Epidioxipiperidine Structures. Chem. Het. Comp. 1985, 21, 72–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Yaremenko, I.A.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Radulov, P.S.; Novikov, R.A.; Medvedev, M.G.; Krivoshchapov, N.V.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Alabugin, I.V.; Terent’ev, A.O. Marriage of Peroxides and Nitrogen Heterocycles: Selective Three-Component Assembly, Peroxide-Preserving Rearrangement, and Stereoelectronic Source of Unusual Stability of Bridged Azaozonides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 6634–6648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Yaremenko, I.A.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Radulov, P.S.; Novikov, R.A.; Medvedev, M.G.; Krivoshchapov, N.V.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Alabugin, I.V.; Terent′ev, A.O. Inverse α-Effect as the Ariadne’s Thread on the Way to Tricyclic Aminoperoxides: Avoiding Thermodynamic Traps in the Labyrinth of Possibilities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 7264–7282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Yaremenko, I.A.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Radulov, P.S.; Novikov, R.A.; Medvedev, M.G.; Krivoshchapov, N.V.; Alabugin, I.V.; Terent’ev, A.O. Cascade Assembly of Bridged N-Substituted Azaozonides: The Counterintuitive Role of Nitrogen Source Nucleophilicity. Org. Lett. 2022, 24, 6582–6587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Makhmudiyarova, N.N.; Ishmukhametova, I.R.; Tyumkina, T.V.; Ibragimov, A.G.; Dzhemilev, U.M. Synthesis of N-aryl-hexaoxazadispiroalkanes using lanthanide catalysts. Tetrahedron Lett. 2018, 59, 3161–3164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Makhmudiyarova, N.N.; Shangaraev, K.R.; Dzhemileva, L.U.; Tyumkina, T.V.; Mescheryakova, E.S.; D’Yakonov, V.A.; Ibragimov, A.G.; Dzhemilev, U.M. New synthesis of tetraoxaspirododecane-diamines and tetraoxazaspirobicycloalkanes. RSC. Adv. 2019, 9, 29949–29958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Zvilichovsky, G.; Zvilichovsky, B. Ozonolysis. Hydroxyl, Ether and Peroxide Groups; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1993; pp. 687–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Griesbaum, K.; Liu, X.; Kassiaris, A.; Scherer, M. Ozonolyses of O-Alkylated Ketoximes in the Presence of Carbonyl Groups: A Facile Access to Ozonides. Liebigs Ann. 1997, 1997, 1381–1390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Dos Passos Gomes, G.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Radulov, P.S.; Novikov, R.A.; Chernyshev, V.V.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Nikishin, G.I.; Alabugin, I.V.; Terent’ev, A.O. Stereoelectronic Control in the Ozone—Free Synthesis of Ozonides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 4955–4959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Yaremenko, I.A.; Gomes, G.d.P.; Radulov, P.S.; Belyakova, Y.Y.; Vilikotskiy, A.E.; Vil’, V.A.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Nikishin, G.I.; Alabugin, I.V.; Terent’ev, A.O. Ozone-Free Synthesis of Ozonides: Assembling Bicyclic Structures from 1,5-Diketones and Hydrogen Peroxide. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 83, 4402–4426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  64. Akimova, T.I.; Rybin, V.G.; Soldatkina, O.A. New Tetracyclic Spiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes (Ozonides). Synthesis and Mass Spectrometric Study. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2019, 55, 101–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Akimova, T.I.; Soldatkina, O.A.; Savchenko, V.G.; Pilipenko, A.V.; Kapustina, A.A. Stereoisomerism in the representative tetracyclic dispiro ozonide derived from (methylene)dicyclohexanone with the 1,5-diketo arrangement. Mendeleev Commun. 2022, 32, 271–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Ingram, K.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Krylov, I.B.; Hofer, L.; Terent’ev, A.O.; Keiser, J. Identification of Antischistosomal Leads by Evaluating Bridged 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes, Alphaperoxides, and Tricyclic Monoperoxides. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 8700–8711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. Saito, I.; Nagata, R.; Yuba, K.; Matsuura, T. Synthesis of α-silyloxyhydroperoxides from the reaction of silyl enol ethers and hydrogen peroxide. Tetrahedron. Lett. 1983, 24, 1737–1740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Lombardo, F.C.; Pasche, V.; Panic, G.; Endriss, Y.; Keiser, J. Life cycle maintenance and drug-sensitivity assays for early drug discovery in Schistosoma mansoni. Nat. Protoc. 2019, 14, 461–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Molecules 28 04913 g001 550
Figure 1. Structures of bioactive peroxides.
Figure 1. Structures of bioactive peroxides.
Molecules 28 04913 g001
Molecules 28 04913 sch001 550
Scheme 1. SnCl4—catalyzed synthesis of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides). A 5.1 M solution of H2O2- in Et2O (1.5 mol of Н2О2/1.0 mol of 1a–k) and SnCl4 (5.0 mol of SnCl4/1.0 mol of 1a–k) were added to a solution of 1,5-diketone 1a–k (0.300 g, 0.81–1.49 mmol) in THF (5 mL) with stirring at 0–5 °С. The reaction mixture was warmed to 20–25 °С and stirred for 24 h. Isolated yields. The ratio of stereoisomeric ozonides was found by 1H NMR.
Scheme 1. SnCl4—catalyzed synthesis of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides). A 5.1 M solution of H2O2- in Et2O (1.5 mol of Н2О2/1.0 mol of 1a–k) and SnCl4 (5.0 mol of SnCl4/1.0 mol of 1a–k) were added to a solution of 1,5-diketone 1a–k (0.300 g, 0.81–1.49 mmol) in THF (5 mL) with stirring at 0–5 °С. The reaction mixture was warmed to 20–25 °С and stirred for 24 h. Isolated yields. The ratio of stereoisomeric ozonides was found by 1H NMR.
Molecules 28 04913 sch001
Molecules 28 04913 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The reduction of the ester group in ozonides.
Scheme 2. The reduction of the ester group in ozonides.
Molecules 28 04913 sch002
Table
Table 1. Peroxidation of diketone 1a a.
Table 1. Peroxidation of diketone 1a a.
Molecules 28 04913 i001
EntryEquiv. of H2O2 vs. 1aEquiv. of SnCl4 vs. 1aSolventIsolated yield of 2a + 3a, % Ratio of
2a:3a
11.5SnCl4 (1.0)THF21 1.4:1.0
21.5SnCl4 (3.0)THF64 1.2:1.0
33.0SnCl4 (3.0)THF70 1:1
41.5SnCl4 (5.0)THF831:1
53.0SnCl4 (5.0)THF711:1
61.5SnCl4 (5.0)1,4-Dioxane812.6:1.0
71.5SnCl4 (5.0)Et2O798.6:1.0
81.5SnCl4 (5.0)СН3СN--
91.5SnCl4 (5.0)СН2Сl2--
a A 5.1 M ethereal solution of H2O2 (1.5–3.0 mol Н2О2/1.0 mol of 1,5-diketone 1a) and SnCl4 (1.0–5.0 mol SnCl4/1.0 mol of 1a) were added to a solution of 1a (0.30 g, 0.9 mmol) in a solvent (5 mL) with stirring at 0–5 °С. The reaction mixture was warmed to 20–25 °C and stirred for 24 h.
Table
Table 2. In vitro activity of peroxides (bridged ozonides) on NTS and adult S. mansoni.
Table 2. In vitro activity of peroxides (bridged ozonides) on NTS and adult S. mansoni.
CompoundNTSAdult
(Effect %) at 33.3 µM(Effect %) at 10 µM(Effect %) at 10 µM
2b100 ± 074 ± 523 ± 4
2c100 ± 067 ± 2070 ± 2
2d100 ± 0100 ± 082 ± 0
2e100 ± 0100 ± 014 ± 4
2f93 ± 1130 ± 5ND
2g36 ± 2239 ± 5ND
2h77 ± 3817 ± 5ND
2i100 ± 087 ± 555 ± 3
2j96 ± 523 ± 9ND
2k90 ± 023 ± 0ND
3b22 ± 012 ± 0ND
3c100 ± 0100 ± 0 76 ± 0
3d74 ± 1122 ± 0 ND
3e22 ± 512 ± 0ND
3f61 ± 611 ± 6ND
3g73 ± 615 ± 6ND
3h100 ± 042 ± 11ND
3j100 ± 088 ± 023 ± 4
3k12 ± 0 3.2 ± 0ND
Artesunate-63 ±0not active
Praziquantel-77 ± 0100 ± 0
ND: not done, because the effect at 10 µM on NTS was <50%.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Radulov, P.S.; Yaremenko, I.A.; Keiser, J.; Terent’ev, A.O. Bridged 1,2,4-Trioxolanes: SnCl4—Catalyzed Synthesis and an In Vitro Study against S. mansoni. Molecules 2023, 28, 4913. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134913

AMA Style

Radulov PS, Yaremenko IA, Keiser J, Terent’ev AO. Bridged 1,2,4-Trioxolanes: SnCl4—Catalyzed Synthesis and an In Vitro Study against S. mansoni. Molecules. 2023; 28(13):4913. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134913

Chicago/Turabian Style

Radulov, Peter S., Ivan A. Yaremenko, Jennifer Keiser, and Alexander O. Terent’ev. 2023. "Bridged 1,2,4-Trioxolanes: SnCl4—Catalyzed Synthesis and an In Vitro Study against S. mansoni" Molecules 28, no. 13: 4913. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134913

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop