Application of CO2 Supercritical Fluid to Optimize the Solubility of Oxaprozin: Development of Novel Machine Learning Predictive Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Set
3. Methodology
3.1. Gaussian Process Regression
3.2. Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks
- First, the input vector is involved to the multilayer network, and its influences are transferred to the output levels over the hidden (middle) layers. Then, the final vector created on the latent class generates the genuine response of MLP.
- Next, in the backward path, the MLP settings are updated and regulated. The rule of error-correction will be followed in the implementation of this regulation. Furthermore, in the middle layers, weights of neurons are adjusted to reduce the difference between the neural network’s predicted results and its actual results [38,39].
3.3. KNN
- Inputs: training input vectors : input features, : real–valued output, testing point x to predict
- Algorithm:
- ○
- calculate distance to every training example
- ○
- select kth nearest input vector and their outputs
- ○
- output:
4. Results
- For effective regression models, the R-square (R2) score is an actuarial metric. These graphs demonstrate a varies amount of percentage among related and non-aligned variables. It is critical to be able to quickly quantify the 0 to 100% difference among the related vary and the regression model.
- A mean squared error is one other standard metric for calculating the output of regression methods. MSE squares the points on the regression line. If the value’s negative sign is deleted and larger variances are given more weight, the squared value becomes significant. The lower the mean fault, the better match you will detect. The sooner, the best.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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No. | Temperature (K) | Pressure (bar) | Solubility (Mole Fraction) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.08 × 102 | 1.20 × 102 | 8.19 × 10−5 |
2 | 3.08 × 102 | 1.60 × 102 | 1.58 × 10−4 |
3 | 3.08 × 102 | 2.00 × 102 | 2.24 × 10−4 |
4 | 3.08 × 102 | 2.40 × 102 | 2.80 × 10−4 |
5 | 3.08 × 102 | 2.80 × 102 | 3.44 × 10−4 |
6 | 3.08 × 102 | 3.20 × 102 | 4.06 × 10−4 |
7 | 3.08 × 102 | 3.60 × 102 | 4.73 × 10−4 |
8 | 3.08 × 102 | 4.00 × 102 | 5.33 × 10−4 |
9 | 3.18 × 102 | 1.20 × 102 | 7.55 × 10−5 |
10 | 3.18 × 102 | 1.60 × 102 | 1.41 × 10−4 |
11 | 3.18 × 102 | 2.00 × 102 | 2.45 × 10−4 |
12 | 3.18 × 102 | 2.40 × 102 | 3.56 × 10−4 |
13 | 3.18 × 102 | 2.80 × 102 | 4.64 × 10−4 |
14 | 3.18 × 102 | 3.20 × 102 | 5.58 × 10−4 |
15 | 3.18 × 102 | 3.60 × 102 | 6.60E × 10−4 |
16 | 3.18 × 102 | 4.00 × 102 | 7.66 × 10−4 |
17 | 3.28 × 102 | 1.20 × 102 | 5.34 × 10−4 |
18 | 3.28 × 102 | 1.60 × 102 | 1.28 × 10−4 |
19 | 3.28 × 102 | 2.00 × 102 | 3.02 × 10−4 |
20 | 3.28 × 102 | 2.40 × 102 | 4.14 × 10−4 |
21 | 3.28 × 102 | 2.80 × 102 | 5.82 × 10−4 |
22 | 3.28 × 102 | 3.20 × 102 | 7.87 × 10−4 |
23 | 3.28 × 102 | 3.60 × 102 | 8.51 × 10−4 |
24 | 3.28 × 102 | 4.00 × 102 | 1.03 × 10−3 |
25 | 3.38 × 102 | 1.20 × 102 | 3.3 × 10−5 |
26 | 3.38 × 102 | 1.60 × 102 | 9.09 × 10−5 |
27 | 3.38 × 102 | 2.00 × 102 | 2.98 × 10−4 |
28 | 3.38 × 102 | 2.40 × 102 | 4.81 × 10−4 |
29 | 3.38 × 102 | 2.80 × 102 | 6.77 × 10−4 |
30 | 3.38 × 102 | 3.20 × 102 | 8.89 × 10−4 |
31 | 3.38 × 102 | 3.60 × 102 | 1.08 × 10−3 |
32 | 3.38 × 102 | 4.00 × 102 | 1.24 × 10−3 |
Models | R2 | MSE |
---|---|---|
MLP | 0.868 | 2.079 × 10−08 |
GPR | 0.997 | 2.173 × 10−09 |
KNN | 0.999 | 1.372 × 10−08 |
Temperature (K) | Pressure (bar) | Solubility |
---|---|---|
3.38 × 102 | 4.00 × 102 | 1.26 × 10−3 |
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Alshahrani, S.M.; Saqr, A.A.; Alfadhel, M.M.; Alshetaili, A.S.; Almutairy, B.K.; Alsubaiyel, A.M.; Almari, A.H.; Alamoudi, J.A.; Abourehab, M.A.S. Application of CO2 Supercritical Fluid to Optimize the Solubility of Oxaprozin: Development of Novel Machine Learning Predictive Models. Molecules 2022, 27, 5762. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185762
Alshahrani SM, Saqr AA, Alfadhel MM, Alshetaili AS, Almutairy BK, Alsubaiyel AM, Almari AH, Alamoudi JA, Abourehab MAS. Application of CO2 Supercritical Fluid to Optimize the Solubility of Oxaprozin: Development of Novel Machine Learning Predictive Models. Molecules. 2022; 27(18):5762. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185762
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlshahrani, Saad M., Ahmed Al Saqr, Munerah M. Alfadhel, Abdullah S. Alshetaili, Bjad K. Almutairy, Amal M. Alsubaiyel, Ali H. Almari, Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi, and Mohammed A. S. Abourehab. 2022. "Application of CO2 Supercritical Fluid to Optimize the Solubility of Oxaprozin: Development of Novel Machine Learning Predictive Models" Molecules 27, no. 18: 5762. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185762