Modification of the Structural, Microstructural, and Elastoplastic Properties of Aluminum Wires after Operation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. SEM, EDX, and EBSD Experimental Details
2.3. XRD Experimental Details
2.4. Experimental Details of Acoustic and Densitometric Measurement
3. Results
3.1. SEM and EDX Results
3.2. XRD Results
3.3. EBSD Results
3.4. Results of Elastoplastic and Densitometric Measurements
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAAC | All Aluminum Alloy Conductor |
ACSR | Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced |
a.m.u. | atomic mass unit |
CSAs | coherent scattering areas |
EBSD | electron backscattering diffraction |
EDX, EDS | energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis |
e.s.d., e.s.d.s | estimated standard deviation(s) |
OM | optical Microscopy |
PDF-2 | Powder Diffraction File-2 |
pV | pseudo-Voigt |
SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
SSP | size-strain plot |
WHP | Williamson-Hall plot |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
i.e. | Latin “id est” |
etc. | Latin “et cetera” |
cf. | Latin “confer” |
full width at half-maximum of XRD reflection | |
E | Young’s modulus (modulus of elasticity) |
amplitude-independent decrement of the material | |
non-linear amplitude-dependent absorption of the material | |
decrement of material (sum of and ) | |
microplastic flow stress | |
Miller indices | |
interplane distance corresponding to reflection | |
diffraction angle | |
half a diffraction angle | |
- | XRD scanning regime |
observed Bragg andgle of XRD reflection | |
correcting shift of the zero of the counter | |
displacement correction | |
maximum intensity of XRD reflection | |
integral intensity of XRD reflection | |
D | average size of crystallites |
absolute value of average magnitude of microstrains | |
vibrational deformation amplitude | |
non-linear inelastic deformation | |
coefficient in Scherrer equation | |
coefficient in Wilson-Stokes equation | |
integral width of XRD reflection | |
wavelength | |
determination coefficient | |
e | Euler’s number |
T | temperature |
penetration depth | |
the linear absorption coefficient of material | |
density of material | |
density of material calculated according to XRD structural data | |
density of material measured in densitometry experiment | |
relative error of | |
relative error of | |
defect of the Young’s modulus | |
the relative error of E | |
magnitude of the density defect | |
tabulated value of | |
f | resonance frequency |
oscillatory stress amplitude (Acoustic (microplastic) deformation) | |
t | service life |
volume of the cell | |
a | unit cell parameter |
microplastic flow stress (micro-flow limit) |
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Sample N | Type | Service Life, Years | Damage | Remark |
---|---|---|---|---|
5-2 | A50 | 0 | No damage | Samples under study were cut from one of the edges of sections with a length of ∼1 to ∼3 m |
8 | 10 | |||
7 | 18 | |||
6-2 | 62 | |||
3 | 35 | Cutoff and short circuit to the ground. After the cutoff the wire was under the high voltage during 1.5 to 2 h and was partly burned | Section length was 3.2 m; the sample was cut from the undamaged part in the middle | |
5 | AC50 | 0 | No damage | Sample under study was cut from one of the edges of the section with a length of ∼1.3 m |
Observed Preferred Orientation | WHP | SSP | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample N/Years | [hkl] | , % , % | , Å/, g/cm , nm (Model ) | , nm , % | , nm , % |
A50 type | |||||
5-2/0 | [011] | 42.0(3) 76.4(7) | 4.05026(12)/2.6973(2) 109(16) | 111(14) 0.010(14) | 109(16) 0 |
8/10 | [011] | 69.0(4) 66.1(4) | 4.0515(5)/2.6949(11) 139(16) | 302(54) 0.031(2) | 298(26) 0.031(2) |
7/18 | [011] | 153.8(1.6) 55.6(6) | 4.0525(9)/2.6927(17) 126(33) | 246(55) 0.033(3) | 252(32) 0.034(3) |
3/35 | ∼no | 54.6(4) 141.6(1.5) | 4.0507(2)/2.6965(5) 96(11) | 112(11) 0.021(5) | 118(6) 0.025(5) |
6-2/62 | [011] | 174.7(1.1) 42.9(3) | 4.0513(6)/2.6952(11) 128(34) | 222(69) 0.031(5) | 249(49) 0.033(4) |
AC50 type | |||||
5/0 | [011] | 75.8(9) 68.4(9) | 4.05032(10)/2.6972(2) 138(16) | 141(17) 0.007(11) | 138(16) 0 |
Table data | |||||
PDF-2 card 01-071-4008, T = 312.3 K | no | — — | 4.050694/2.69642 — | — — | — — |
PDF-2 card 01-073-9843, T = 298 K | no | 24.0 191.7 | 4.04932(2)/2.6992(4) — | — — | — — |
Sample N | Service Life, Years | , g/cm | E, GPa | , | , MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 0 | 2.6949 | 72.2 | 27 | 14.0 |
8 | 10 | 2.6906 | 69.8 | 457 | 2.3 |
7 | 18 | 2.6905 | 71.6 | 85 | 7.3 |
3 | 35 | 2.6885 | 71.6 | 23 | 11.9 |
6-2 | 62 | 2.6939 | 72.6 | 23 | 13.1 |
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Levin, A.A.; Narykova, M.V.; Lihachev, A.I.; Kardashev, B.K.; Kadomtsev, A.G.; Brunkov, P.N.; Panfilov, A.G.; Prasolov, N.D.; Sultanov, M.M.; Kuryanov, V.N.; et al. Modification of the Structural, Microstructural, and Elastoplastic Properties of Aluminum Wires after Operation. Metals 2021, 11, 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121955
Levin AA, Narykova MV, Lihachev AI, Kardashev BK, Kadomtsev AG, Brunkov PN, Panfilov AG, Prasolov ND, Sultanov MM, Kuryanov VN, et al. Modification of the Structural, Microstructural, and Elastoplastic Properties of Aluminum Wires after Operation. Metals. 2021; 11(12):1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121955
Chicago/Turabian StyleLevin, Aleksandr A., Maria V. Narykova, Alexey I. Lihachev, Boris K. Kardashev, Andrej G. Kadomtsev, Pavel N. Brunkov, Andrei G. Panfilov, Nikita D. Prasolov, Makhsud M. Sultanov, Vasily N. Kuryanov, and et al. 2021. "Modification of the Structural, Microstructural, and Elastoplastic Properties of Aluminum Wires after Operation" Metals 11, no. 12: 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121955