Level of Estrogen in Females—The Different Impacts at Different Life Stages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sex Differences in Lifespan and Estrogen
2.1. The Observed Sex Differences in the Lifespan
2.2. The Paradigm of the Impact of Low Estrogen Levels on the Healthy Life of Females
2.3. Confusing Data from Animal Models on the Function of Estrogen
3. Regulation of the Level of Estrogen to Increase the Lifespan Based on the PLOSP
3.1. Explanation of Effects of Estrogen at Different Life Stages Based on the PLOSP
3.2. Differences between Ovariectomy and Orchiectomy in Different Life Stages
3.3. The Impact of Ovariectomy Is Much More than a Decrease in Estrogen
3.4. Manipulation of Estrogen Levels at Different Life Stages Based on the PLOSP
3.5. Hormone Replacement Therapy as Evidence Suporting the Regulation of the Level of Estrogen to Increase the Lifespan Based on the PLOSP
4. Considerations for the Regulation of Estrogen Based on the PLOSP
4.1. Correct Interpretation of Estrogen Levels Based on the PLOSP
4.2. Systematically Testing the Effects of Estrogen Based on the PLOSP Hypothesis
5. Conclusions: Integration and Personalization of Estrogen Levels for Individual Life Stages
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Time of Conduct | Approximate Human Age Equivalents * [17,18] | Effect on Lifespan | Reference # and Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mice | One month, after the first estrous cycle; 5 months of age | 14 years of age and 30 years of age | Shortens the life span | [19] |
Thirteen months of age | 60 years of age | Immunosenescence and oxi-inflamm-ageing | [20] | |
At postnatal day 50 | 18 years of age | Correlation of the estrogen levels and the disease progression including lifespan | [21] | |
Two weeks prior to behavioral testing (at ages of 5,17, and 22 months), mice were ovariectomized | 30, 65, and 68 years of ages | Shortened lifespan in comparison with intact animals. | [22] | |
At 4 weeks, bilaterally At 3 weeks, bilateral ovariectomies | 13 years of age | Prolongs survival time | [23] | |
- | 11 years of age | Control/Ox = 265.6/230.5 | [24] With CBA strain. | |
Rat | 3 and 18 months | 7 and 45 years of age | Inducing complications | [25] |
At 23 weeks of age | 57 years of age | Alterations in body weight and energy metabolism induced by ovariectomy and high-fat diet consumption might not directly affect the lifespan of female rats. | [26] |
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Yu, Z.; Jiao, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Gu, W. Level of Estrogen in Females—The Different Impacts at Different Life Stages. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121995
Yu Z, Jiao Y, Zhao Y, Gu W. Level of Estrogen in Females—The Different Impacts at Different Life Stages. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(12):1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121995
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Zhuo, Yan Jiao, Yinhuan Zhao, and Weikuan Gu. 2022. "Level of Estrogen in Females—The Different Impacts at Different Life Stages" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 12: 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121995