Interactive Effects of Water Deficiency and Endophytic Beauveria bassiana on Plant Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Secondary Metabolite Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Allium cepa L.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Preparation of Fungus (B. bassiana)
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Plant Growth Parameters
2.5. Colonisation of Tissues by Fungus
2.6. Plant Tissue Nutrient Analyses
2.7. Phytochemical Screening
2.7.1. Total Alkaloid Contents
2.7.2. Total Flavonoid Contents
2.7.3. Total Phenolic Contents
2.8. Antioxidant Assays
2.8.1. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
2.8.2. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Assay
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Colonisation of Leaf Tissue
3.2. Plant Growth Parameters
3.2.1. Leaf Length
3.2.2. Bulb Circumference
3.2.3. Bulb Wet Weight
3.2.4. Bulb Dry Weight
3.3. Bulb Tissue Analysis
3.3.1. Macronutrients
3.3.2. Micronutrients
3.4. Phytochemical Contents
3.5. Antioxidant Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Watering Interval | Leaf Length (cm) | Bulb Circumference (cm) | Bulb Wet Weight (g) | Bulb Dry Weight (g) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | |
3-day | 60.8 ± 0.4 a (A) | 44.4 ± 1.0 b (A) | 8.8 ± 0.2 a (A) | 8.2 ± 0.4 a (A) | 13.4 ± 0.7 a (A) | 10.4 ± 0.8 b (A) | 2.3 ± 0.1 a (A) | 1.9 ± 0.2 a (A) |
5-day | 48.3 ± 0.83 a (B) | 41.8 ± 1.8 b (AB) | 6.8 ± 0.2 a (B) | 5.0 ± 0.2 b (B) | 7.5 ± 0.4 a (B) | 3.7 ± 0.2 b (B) | 1.2 ± 0.1 a (B) | 0.7 ± 0.1 b (B) |
7-day | 41.2 ± 1.0 a (C) | 39.2 ± 1.2 a (B) | 6.5 ± 0.2 a (B) | 5.3 ± 0.2 b (B) | 6.9 ± 0.4 a (B) | 4.4 ± 0.4 b (B) | 1.2 ± 0.1 a (B) | 0.8 ± 0.1 b (B) |
Two-way ANOVA | DF = 2.0; F = 22.3; p < 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 2.6; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 22.3; p < 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 0.2; p > 0.05 |
C (mg/kg) | N (mg/kg) | P (mg/kg) | K (mg/kg) | Ca (mg/kg) | Mg (mg/kg) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Watering Interval | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus |
3-day | 473,350.0 ± 5686.9 a (A) | 382,416.7 ± 77,822.7 a (A) | 28,900.0 ± 866.0 a (A) | 31,100.0 ± 288.7 a (A) | 450.0 ± 28.9 a (B) | 400.0 ± 0.0 a (B) | 13,450.0 ± 28.9 a (A) | 9350.0 ± 1587.7 a (B) | 11,800.0 ± 288.7 a (B) | 9000.0 ± 1154.7 a (A) | 4300.0 ± 173.2 a(A) | 3750.0 ± 721.9 a (A) |
5-day | 461,350.0 ± 2280.5 a (A) | 453,950.0 ± 664.0 b (A) | 27,250.0 ± 433.0 a (A) | 27,450.0 ± 1010.4 a (B) | 700.0 ± 0.0 a (A) | 400.0 ± 0.0 b (B) | 14,250.0 ± 490.8 a (A) | 10,850.0 ± 606.2 b (AB) | 14,200.0 ± 519.6 a (A) | 11,100.0 ± 288.7 b (A) | 5550.0 ± 86.6 a (A) | 4150.0 ± 144.3 b (A) |
7-day | 459,050.0 ± 1760.9 a (A) | 472,850.0 ± 17,176.1 a (A) | 26,750.0 ± 1587.7 a (A) | 26,050.0 ± 202.0 a (B) | 550.0 ± 28.9 a (B) | 516.7 ± 44.1 a (A) | 13,100.0 ± 12.47 a (A) | 16,000.0 ± 1674.3 a (A) | 11,800.0 ± 519.6 a (B) | 10,050.0 ± 86.6 b (A) | 4700.0 ± 519.6 a (A) | 4150.0 ± 86.6 a (A) |
Two-way ANOVA | DF = 2.0; F = 1.4; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.00; F = 1.4; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 37.5; p < 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 7.5; p < 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 0.7; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 0.8; p > 0.05 |
Na (mg/kg) | Mn (mg/kg) | Fe (mg/kg) | Cu (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Watering Interval | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus |
3-day | 688. 5 ± 32.0 a (A) | 665.5 ± 101.3 a (A) | 32.8 ± 0.3 a (A) | 25.8 ± 1.2 b (A) | 251.5 ± 21.7 a (A) | 352.0 ± 101.6 a (A) | 3.0 ± 0.23 a (A) | 3.5 ± 0.40 a (A) | 6.3 ± 0.63 b (A) | 8.1 ± 0.1 a (B) |
5-day | 1031.0 ± 120.67 a (A) | 1286.7 ± 330.97 a (A) | 45.8 ± 1.62 a (A) | 43.5 ± 3.41 a (B) | 321.0 ± 74.48 a (A) | 122.1 ± 35.19 a (A) | 3.0 ± 0.1 a (A) | 2.4 ± 0.4 a (A) | 10.2 ± 1.6 b (A) | 19.9 ± 2.9 a (A) |
7-day | 941.5 ± 103.1 a (A) | 1076 ± 112.0 a (A) | 38.85 ± 8.4 a (A) | 43.3 ± 0.5 a (B) | 407.5 ± 114.0 a (A) | 124.0 ± 6.9 a (A) | 2.8 ± 0.14 a(A) | 2.9 ± 0.3 a (A) | 9.3 ± 2.1 a (A) | 5.1 ± 1.2 a (AB) |
Two-way ANOVA | DF = 2.0; F = 0.4; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 1.1; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 4; p < 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 2.0; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 2.6; p > 0.05 |
Secondary Metabolites | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Polyphenol (mg GAE/L) | Total Flavonol (mg QE/L) | |||
Watering Interval | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus |
3-day | 27.5 ± 6.3 a (A) | 30.1 ± 3.2 a (A) | 7.4 ± 0.8 a (B) | 10.7 ± 1.4 a (A) |
5-day | 42.2 ± 12.7 a (A) | 46.0 ± 2.3 a (A) | 11.4 ± 3.9 a (AB) | 13.8 ± 2.0 a (A) |
7-day | 64.0 ± 6.4 a (A) | 35.7 ± 5.7 b (A) | 25.3 ± 4.5 a (A) | 14.6 ± 2.6 a (A) |
Two-way ANOVA | DF = 2.0; F = 3.4; p > 0.05 | DF = 2.0; F = 3.8; p < 0.05 |
FRAP (umol AAE/L) | TEAC (umol TE/L) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Watering Interval | Fungus | No Fungus | Fungus | No Fungus |
3-day | 283.1 ± 30.4 a (A) | 291.7 ± 13.8 a (A) | 142.9 ± 15.4 a (B) | 170.5 ± 7.8 a (B) |
5-day | 343.9 ± 71.1 a (A) | 333.4 ± 17.4 a (A) | 195.8 ± 29.9 a (AB) | 220.8 ± 14.2 a (A) |
7-day | 492.2 ± 54.5 a (A) | 289.8 ± 22.0 b (A) | 273.5 ± 15.0 a (A) | 171.6 ± 8.8 b (B) |
Two-way ANOVA | DF = 2.0; F = 4.1; p < 0.05 | DF = 2.00; F = 9.7; p < 0.05 |
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Gana, L.P.; Etsassala, N.G.E.R.; Nchu, F. Interactive Effects of Water Deficiency and Endophytic Beauveria bassiana on Plant Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Secondary Metabolite Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Allium cepa L. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080874
Gana LP, Etsassala NGER, Nchu F. Interactive Effects of Water Deficiency and Endophytic Beauveria bassiana on Plant Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Secondary Metabolite Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Allium cepa L. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):874. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080874
Chicago/Turabian StyleGana, Lizeka Pretty, Ninon G. E. R. Etsassala, and Felix Nchu. 2022. "Interactive Effects of Water Deficiency and Endophytic Beauveria bassiana on Plant Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Secondary Metabolite Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Allium cepa L." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080874