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Article

The Deficiency of Hypusinated eIF5A Decreases the Putrescine/Spermidine Ratio and Inhibits +1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting during the Translation of Ty1 Retrotransposon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

by
Yu Xiao
1,2,†,
Ruanlin Wang
1,2,†,
Xiaxia Han
1,2,
Wei Wang
1,2,* and
Aihua Liang
1,2,*
1
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
2
Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Taiyuan 030006, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031766
Submission received: 29 November 2023 / Revised: 26 January 2024 / Accepted: 30 January 2024 / Published: 1 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)
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Abstract

:
Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) exists in all branches of life that regulate gene expression at the translational level. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a highly conserved protein essential in all eukaryotes. It is identified initially as an initiation factor and functions broadly in translation elongation and termination. The hypusination of eIF5A is specifically required for +1 PRF at the shifty site derived from the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1 (OAZ1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, whether the regulation of +1 PRF by yeast eIF5A is universal remains unknown. Here, we found that Sc-eIF5A depletion decreased the putrescine/spermidine ratio. The re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in yeast eIF5A mutants recovered the putrescine/spermidine ratio. In addition, the Sc-eIF5A depletion decreases +1 PRF during the decoding of Ty1 retrotransposon mRNA, but has no effect on −1 PRF during the decoding of L-A virus mRNA. The re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in yeast eIF5A mutants restored the +1 PRF rate of Ty1. The inhibition of the hypusine modification of yeast eIF5A by GC7 treatment or by mutating the hypusination site Lys to Arg caused decreases of +1 PRF rates in the Ty1 retrotransposon. Furthermore, mutational studies of the Ty1 frameshifting element support a model where the efficient removal of ribosomal subunits at the first Ty1 frame 0 stop codon is required for the frameshifting of trailing ribosomes. This dependency is likely due to the unique position of the frame 0 stop codon distance from the slippery sequence of Ty1. The results showed that eIF5A is a trans-regulator of +1 PRF for Ty1 retrotransposon and could function universally in yeast.

1. Introduction

Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) is a recoding event by which the translating ribosome switches from the initial (0) reading frame to the +1 or −1 reading frame at a specific position, and then continues its translation [1,2]. Unlike frameshift mutations, PRF can be regulated by cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors, and has important biological functions [3]. This phenomenon was first discovered in viruses [4]. The efficiency of PRF determines the stoichiometric ratio between viral Gag (structural) and Gag–Pol fusion (enzymatic) proteins, and it has been demonstrated in many different viral systems that viral particle assembly and propagation are inhibited when changing PRF efficiencies [5,6,7,8,9,10]. The PRF is widespread and likely exists from bacteria to higher eukaryotes [11,12,13].
The efficiency of PRF is regulated not only by cis-regulatory elements in the mRNA but also by trans-acting factors, such as tRNAs [14,15,16], polyamines [17,18], antibiotics [19,20] and proteins [11,21]. In yeast, the cis-regulatory elements are the slippery sequence and stimulatory RNA secondary structures. The stimulatory RNA secondary structures act as a roadblock for rapid translation. The slippery sequence and the induction of a ribosomal pause are required to promote efficient frameshifting [22]. Currently, it has been reported that trans-acting factors modulate PRF in yeast. A rare tRNA-Arg (CCU) that regulates Ty1 element ribosomal frameshifting is essential for Ty1 retrotransposition [14], and high polyamine levels that regulate OAZ1 element ribosomal frameshifting are essential for OAZ1 [23].
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is essential for cell viability and is highly conserved in all eukaryotes [24]. It is the only protein known to carry hypusination, an unusual post-translational modification [24]. Hypusine is a modified lysine residue found in eIF5A that is required for its activity. Although the hydroxylation of desoxyhypusinated-eIF5A, the last step of hypusination, is not essential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this complete post-translational modification of eIF5A is strictly required for its function in higher eukaryotes [25,26]. eIF5A was originally thought to stimulate the formation of the first peptide bond during the translation initiation phase [24]. Then, its involvement in translating polyproline-containing proteins was discovered [27]. Recent studies based on the ribosome profile data suggested that eIF5A works more generally at many ribosome-stalled sites [28,29]. eIF5A binds to the ribosomal E site to promote the peptide bond formation of sterically unfavorable amino acid combinations and plays a critical role in peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis after stop codon recognition. Furthermore, the hypusination of eIF5A is specifically required for +1 PRF at the shifty site derived from the OAZ1 in S. cerevisiae [30]. In addition, it is also associated with the synthesis of proteins involved in polyamine synthesis and transport [31,32,33,34].
In addition to OAZ1, the L-A virus and Ty1 retrotransposon of the yeast S. cerevisiae have been especially useful in characterizing the molecular genetics and biochemistry of PRF [22]. A −1 PRF event is responsible for producing the Gag–Pol fusion protein of the L-A virus of yeast [35,36]. The 5′ gag gene encodes the major coat protein, and the 3′ pol gene encodes a multifunctional protein domain, which includes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a domain required for viral RNA packaging [22]. The promotion of efficient −1 PRF in the L-A virus of yeast requires a special sequence, X XXY YYZ (the 0-frame is indicated by spaces) called the ‘slippery site’ [22]. The simultaneous slippage of ribosome-bound A- and P-site tRNAs by one base in the 5′ direction still leaves their non-wobble bases correctly paired in the new reading frame [22]. A second promoting element, usually an mRNA pseudoknot, is located immediately 3′ to the slippery site [22]. It is thought that the role of the mRNA pseudoknot is to induce elongating ribosomes to pause over the slippery site [22]. Furthermore, a +1 PRF event, directed by a heptanucleotide sequence CUU AGG C, is responsible for producing the Gag–Pol fusion protein of the yeast retrotransposon Ty1 [22,37]. Although both +1 and −1 ribosomal frameshifting occurs at heptameric “slippery sites”, the nature of these sites is entirely different. Unlike −1 ribosomal frameshifting, the simultaneous slippage of ribosome-bound A- and P-site tRNAs from the 0-frame to the +1 frame would not allow their non-wobble bases to repair. Also, in −1 ribosomal frameshifting, the downstream sequence required to promote efficient frameshifting is the mRNA pseudoknot. Although a potential pseudoknot structure can be inferred in Ty1, the structure is not required [22]. In addition, the outcome of −1 PRF of CTS2 was also identified in the yeast, which is predicted to direct ribosomes to a premature termination signal [38].
To explore the function of Sc-eIF5A on +1 PRF and −1 PRF, two eIF5A temperature-sensitive yeast strains, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3, were used in the study. The loss of Sc-eIF5A reduced the putrescine/spermidine ratio. The re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in yeast mutants recovered the putrescine/spermidine ratio. Moreover, Sc-eIF5A depletion decreases +1 PRF in Ty1, but has no effect on −1 PRF in L-A. The re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in yeast eIF5A mutants restored the efficiency of +1 PRF in Ty1. In addition, the impaired hypusine modification of yeast eIF5A by GC7 treatment or by mutating the hypusination site leads to decreases in +1 PRF in Ty1. Mutational studies of the Ty1 frameshifting element suggested a model in which the efficient removal of a post-termination ribosome on the Ty1 frame 0 stop codon by Sc-eIF5A is necessary for a trailing ribosome to stall at the slippery sequence and undergo frameshifting. These findings showed that eIF5A-ployamine feedback regulation was essential for +1 PRF in yeast.

2. Results

2.1. Sc-eIF5A Depletion Decreases the Putrescine/Spermidine Ratio

The hypusination of eIF5A is a multi-step process, during which a 4-aminobutyl moiety, derived from spermidine, is transferred to a specific lysine residue of eIF5A (K51 in yeast Hyp2 or Anb1). However, high levels of polyamines were shown to stimulate ribosomal frameshifting during the decoding of OAZ1 mRNA and Ty1 mRNA in yeast, respectively [18,23]. Furthermore, eIF5A is also associated with the synthesis of proteins involved in polyamine synthesis and transport [31,32,33,34]. The polyamine levels were monitored in eIF5A-deficient and eIF5A-complementary strains by HPLC. The putrescine level was lower in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains than in the WT strain (Figure 1A). After the re-introduction of WT Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains, the putrescine content was restored to that of the WT strain (Figure 1A,B). However, in the absence or complementation of Sc-eIF5A, the spermidine level did not change significantly in the tif51A-1 strain compared to that in the WT. Nevertheless, the spermidine level was significantly decreased in the tif51A-3 strain than in the WT. The spermidine level was increased after Sc-eIF5A complementation. Given the known importance of the putrescine/spermidine ratio in modulating ribosomal frameshifting in yeast [18], the putrescine/spermidine ratios in WT, eIF5A-deficient and eIF5A-complementary strains were calculated. The putrescine/spermidine ratios from the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains were both much lower than the WT strain. After the re-introduction of WT Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains, however, the putrescine/spermidine ratios increased significantly, and even exceeded the level of the WT strain (Figure 1C).

2.2. Sc-eIF5A Depletion Decreases +1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting Efficiency

To investigate the influence of Sc-eIF5A on +1 PRF and −1 PRF, three PRF reporter constructs, pDB722-Ty1, pDB722-CTS2, and pDB722-L-A, were generated (Figure 2A,B and Figure S1A). The frameshift reporter plasmid is preceded by a Renilla luciferase gene and followed by the complete PRF element and a sequence encoding a Firefly luciferase. The Firefly luciferase production depends on +1 or −1 PRF, while Renilla luciferase serves as the internal control. An in-frame control reporter, pDB722, in which the Fluc is in the same reading frame as Rluc, provides baseline data. Frameshift efficiencies were calculated by dividing the Fluc/Rluc activity ratio generated from the frameshift reporter by the same ratio generated from the in-frame control reporter (Figure 2C).
Since eIF5A is an essential protein in yeast, two eIF5A temperature-sensitive strains, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3, were used [39]. The two eIF5A mutant cells were incubated at 37 °C for 5 h, which led to a significant reduction in eIF5A. Three PRF reporter plasmids (Figure 2A,B and Figure S1A), or an in-frame control reporter plasmid, were transformed into the WT strain and two eIF5A yeast mutants, respectively. Then, after these yeast strains were incubated at 37 °C for 5 h, Fluc and Rluc activities were assayed. The WT strain containing a Ty1 PRF construct exhibited a frameshifting rate of approximately 7.52%, +1 PRF rates from the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains containing the Ty1 PRF construct were approximately 2.5% and 3.17%, respectively (Figure 3A). The −1 PRF efficiencies from the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains containing the CTS2 PRF construct were decreased by 1.82% and 3.24%, respectively (Figure S1B). However, the −1 PRF efficiencies from the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains containing the L-A PRF construct were similar to the WT strain containing the L-A PRF construct (Figure 3B). These results indicated that Sc-eIF5A promotes the translation of the +1 PRF gene of Ty1 and the −1 PRF gene of CTS2, but does not influence the translation of the −1 PRF gene of L-A.
To further investigate the effects of Sc-eIF5A on −1 and +1 PRF, the gene encoding yeast HYP2 was cloned into the pRS315 vector. The pRS315-Sc-HYP2 was transformed into tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains. The Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains that expressed Sc-eIF5A-C-HA fusion proteins were obtained (Figure 4A,B). Following the Sc-eIF5A complement, the strains were harvested at 37 °C for 5 h. After the re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains, +1 PRF of Ty1 was restored to that of the WT strain (Figure 5A,B). Notably, the re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains had minimal effects on −1 PRF at the shifty site of CTS2 and L-A (Figure 5A,B and Figure S1D,E), indicating that Sc-eIF5A promotes the translation of the +1, but not −1 PRF genes.
In order to verify whether the decrease in programmed ribosomal frameshifting efficiency was caused by the decrease in the transcript levels of the fusion genes from constructs, total RNA from the WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains at 37 °C for 5 h, containing pDB722-Ty1, or pDB722-CTS2, or pDB722-L-A, were extracted. And, equal amounts of cDNA were analyzed by qPCR (Figure 5C,D and Figure S1C). There were no significant differences in Ty1-Fluc, CTS2-Fluc, and L-A-Fluc mRNA expression levels for the WT, yeast mutants, and Sc-eIF5A-complemented strains, which indicated that the Ty1, CTS2, and L-A transcriptional rates of yeast mutants were essentially equivalent in the WT strains and Sc-eIF5A-complemented strains.
The reference luciferase (Renilla) activities were dramatically reduced in S. cerevisiae transfected with reporters containing the CTS2 signal compared to the in-frame control (Figures S2C and S3E,G). However, the Renilla luciferase of Ty1 and L-A displayed similar activities for all constructs, respectively (Figures S2A,E and S3A,C,I,K). So, this dual-luciferase-based reporter system is unsuitable for detecting −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting efficiency during the decoding of CTS2 mRNA in yeast, which is concordant with previous reports showing that absolute luciferase activities were reduced in HeLa cells transfected with reporters containing the CCR5 sequence compared to the HIV-1 control and IFC [40,41].

2.3. The Hypusine Modification of Sc-eIF5A Influences +1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting Efficiency

The hypusine modification in eukaryotes is achieved by the sequential reactions catalyzed by two enzymes: deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). To investigate whether the hypusine modification is sufficient for the Sc-eIF5A control of +1 PRF, we took advantage of the N1-Guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane (GC7), a potent inhibitor of DHS. At the treatment of the WT strain with the DHS inhibitor GC7 at 37 °C for 5 h, the hypusine modification of Sc-eIF5A was completely inhibited (Figure 6A and Figure S5A). Ty1 +1 PRF was reduced from 7.34% to 2.79% (Figure 6B), and luciferase values of Ty1 for each experiment were shown in Figure S4A,B.
Further, the unhypusinated Sc-eIF5AK51R was expressed in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains. Western blot analysis indicated that the Sc-eIF5AK51R-C-HA of which the HA tag does not interfere with the hypusination of Sc-eIF5A [42] from the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains was produced. The hypusine modification of Sc-eIF5A was completely inhibited (Figure 6C and Figure S5B). In addition, the tif51A-1-HYP2-K51R and tif51A-3-HYP2-K51R strains caused the specific inhibition of +1 PRF at the shifty site of Ty1 (Figure 6D), and luciferase values of Ty1 for each experiment were shown in Figure S4C,D.
The results suggest that the hypusine modification of Sc-eIF5A plays a crucial role in influencing +1 PRF at the shifty site of Ty1.

2.4. The Ty1 Frame 0 Stop Codon Position Confers the Dependency of +1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting on Sc-eIF5A

Given the robust requirement for hypusined Sc-eIF5A for the +1 PRF of reporter transcripts carrying the Ty1 ribosomal frameshifting element, we next investigated its possible regulatory mechanism. In SARS-CoV-2, the proximity of the ORF1a stop codon to the slippery sequence (18 nucleotides), much less than a ribosomal footprint (approximately 30 nucleotides), confers the dependency of −1 PRF on eIF5A [43]. The distance between the first Ty1 frame 0 stop codon and the slippery sequence is also 18 nucleotides, much less than a single ribosomal footprint in yeast. So, we investigated whether the proximity of the first Ty1 frame 0 stop codon to the slippery sequence conferred the dependency of Ty1 +1 PRF on Sc-eIF5A. We generated a mutant version of the Ty1 frameshifting element, in which the first frame 0 stop codon was mutated into a sense codon. Two identical nucleotide substitutions left the secondary structure and the free energy of the first stem of the pseudoknot was unaltered, which increased the distance between the slippery sequence and the first frame 0 stop codon to 39 nucleotides, a distance greater than a ribosomal footprint. This mutation did not significantly alter the baseline rate of frameshifting compared with the wild-type frameshifting element (Figure S6). Nevertheless, the dependency of frameshifting on Sc-eIF5A was entirely abolished by the Ty1-UGU-UUC mutation (Figure 7B). Therefore, these results implicate the proximity of the stop codon to the slippery sequence as the key feature that necessitates the dependency of Ty1 +1 PRF on Sc-eIF5A.

3. Discussion

The translation factor eIF5A, originally identified as an initiation factor, was shown to function broadly in translation elongation and termination [28,29]. Recent studies demonstrate that eIF5A and its hypusination is required for the efficient PRF of OAZ1 mRNA in S. cerevisiae [30]. In this report, we employed congenic sets of tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains expressing either the Ty1, CTS2, L-A or the in-frame reporters to investigate whether the hypusine modification of Sc-eIF5A is vital for the translation of either of the reporters. The results showed that the hypusine modification of Sc-eIF5A is sufficient for +1 PRF of Ty1, but its effect on −1 PRF of L-A was insufficient. This study represents the first case, indicating that the hypusine modification of eIF5A plays an essential role in the +1 PRF of Ty1 mRNA in S. cerevisiae, indicating that the regulation of +1 PRF by yeast-hypusinated eIF5A is universal. Therefore, these data provide evidence for the in-depth exploration of the +1 PRF mechanism in eukaryotic cells.
Here, the deficiencies of Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains have no effect on the −1 PRF of the L-A mRNA, but decrease the −1 PRF of the CTS2 mRNA (Figure 3B and Figure S1B). Furtherly, the Renilla luciferase of L-A, but not CTS2, displayed similar activities for all constructs (Figures S2C and S3E,G). Furthermore, a greater decrease in the Fluc than in the Rluc of CTS2 led to the decrease in the Fluc to Rluc ratios and thus deflated the estimated −1 PRF (Figures S2C,D and S3E–H). These results are similar to previous reports, showing that absolute luciferase activities were reduced in HeLa cells transfected with reporters containing the CCR5 sequence compared to the HIV-1 control and IFC [40,41]. A greater decrease in Rluc than in Fluc led to an increase in the Fluc to Rluc ratios and thus inflated the estimated −1 PRF [41]. The observed effect is due to the cryptic splicing of the reporter RNA [41], suggesting a possibility that the reporter RNA containing the CTS2 sequence could be cryptically spliced in S. cerevisiae.
Hypusine-modified eIF5A is important for efficient translation termination; its loss of function results in the accumulation of ribosomes at termination codons [43]. Previous studies have shown that the depletion of hypusine-modified eIF5A impairs the −1 PRF of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 mRNA in human cells [43]. The proximity of the stop codon to the slippery sequence (18 nucleotides), located less than one ribosomal footprint upstream (approximately 30 nucleotides), is the key feature that necessitates efficient termination for frameshifting at the SARS-CoV-2 frameshifting element [43]. Nevertheless, other beta-coronaviruses whose frame 0 stop codons are naturally located farther downstream within the frameshifting element do not require eIF5A for efficient frameshifting [43]. In our studies, the deficiency of hypusine-modified eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains also has no effect on the −1 PRF of the L-A mRNA in S. cerevisiae (Figure 3B). Its frame 0 stop codon was also located farther downstream within the frameshifting element (117 nucleotides), much more than a single ribosomal footprint, suggesting that the L-A virus of yeast also does not require eIF5A for efficient −1 PRF. However, our discovery suggests that Sc-eIF5A is essential for efficient Ty1 +1 PRF. This dependency is likely due to the proximity of this stop codon to the slippery sequence, located less than one ribosomal footprint upstream. Thus, a trailing ribosome might be sterically inhibited from reaching the slippery sequence if a terminating or post-termination ribosome in the frameshifting element is not rapidly removed, as with the SARS-CoV-2 PRF model [43]. In support of this model, we demonstrated that the relocation of the frame 0 termination codon farther downstream eliminates the requirement for efficient translation termination and ribosome recycling. This result implicates the proximity of the stop codon to the slippery sequence as the key feature that necessitates the efficient clearance of ribosomes from the Ty1 frame 0 stop codon, promoting the frameshifting of trailing ribosomes. Our finding, therefore, points toward a mechanism in which the stop codon in the first stem of the pseudoknot of the Ty1 frameshifting element, in concert with the activity of the ribosome recycling machinery, plays a key role in the efficient removal of non-frameshifted ribosomes from the secondary structure and subsequent frameshifting by incoming ribosomes. Hence, we speculate that if a mutant version of the L-A frameshifting element, in which the proximity of its frame 0 stop codon to the slippery sequence, located less than one ribosomal footprint upstream, is generated, Sc-eIF5A is also likely to promote PRF at the L-A mutant frameshifting element.
Polyamine biosynthesis is under feedback control with the synthesis of multiple enzymes and regulators inhibited by polyamines at the translational level. The high polyamines promote +1 ribosomal frameshifting during the decoding of OAZ in eukaryotes from yeast to humans [23,44,45]. The OAZ binds to ODC, targets it for ubiquitin-independent degradation [46,47], and inhibits putrescine synthesis. In addition, the high polyamines inhibit eIF5A-dependent translation termination on the PS* uORF to repress the synthesis of the ODC antizyme inhibitor (AZIN1), which is a catalytically defective form of ODC that still binds to OAZ [31,32,33]. The down-regulation of the titration of OAZ via AZIN1 enhances OAZ from targeting ODC for degradation, reducing ODC and inhibiting putrescine synthesis. Moreover, the high polyamines inhibit translation termination on the MAGDIS uORF to repress the synthesis of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), and vice versa [48,49,50,51]. In addition to synthesizing polyamines, cells also import polyamines. The high polyamines also inhibit eIF5A-dependent translation termination on the MLLLPS* uORF to repress the synthesis of the polyamine transporter Hol1, and vice versa [34]. Interestingly, polyamines universally promote +1 ribosomal frameshifting efficiency [17,18,52,53].
Based on these properties of eIF5A and polyamines, we speculated that the hypusinated eIF5A promotes +1 PRF by increasing the putrescine/spermidine ratio. We propose the following model (Figure 8) for the translational control of +1 PRF in yeast. Under the condition of Sc-eIF5A depletion, PPW motif synthesis is inhibited [32]. Ribosomes that initiate at the weak start site of the uCC pause when translating the highly conserved C-terminal PPWxxPS* motif (* = stop codon). The stalled ribosome impedes scanning, and subsequent scanning ribosomes that leaky scan past the uCC start codon without initiating are proposed to form a queue behind the stalled elongating ribosome. Eventually, the queue will extend back to the uCC start codon, poising a scanning ribosome over the uCC start codon for a longer time and enhancing initiation on the uCC. Because ribosomes that translate the uCC do not reinitiate downstream, the increased translation of the uCC represses the synthesis of AZIN [31,32]. The down-regulation of the titration of OAZ via AZIN leads to the enhanced degradation of OAZ-targeted ODC, reducing ODC and inhibiting putrescine synthesis [33,46,47]. And this is thought to inhibit the +1 PRF, and vice versa [17,18,52,53]. On the other hand, Sc-eIF5A depletion can also impair translation termination at a Pro-Ser-stop motif in a conserved up-stream open reading frame on the HOL1 mRNA to repress HOL1 synthesis [34], which will lead to reduced polyamine synthesis. And this is thought to inhibit the +1 PRF, and vice versa. The regulation of polyamines by Sc-eIF5A is the result of two regulatory pathways. Taken together, eIF5A is a trans-regulator of +1 PRF for Ty1 retrotransposon and could function universally in yeast.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Yeast Strains and Growth Conditions

S. cerevisiae haploid strains wild-type BY4741 (MATa his3Δ0 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0) and temperature-sensitive eIF5A mutants tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 derivatives of the BY4741 strain (gifted from Prof. Paula Alepuz, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain) cultured in liquid YPD media at 25 °C [39].

4.2. The Generation of Ribosomal Frameshift Reporters

To construct the yeast Ty1, CTS2 and L-A test reporters, the respective frameshift signals were cloned into the polylinker region of pDB722. The Ty1 and CTS2 frameshift signals were amplified from S. cerevisiae genome (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China). The primers are shown in Table 1. The PCR products were digested with Sal I and ligated into pDB722 to create pDB722-Ty1 and pDB722-CTS2, respectively. The coding sequence of L-A frameshift signal containing the Sal I restriction site was synthesized and subcloned into pUC57 to create pUC57-L-A. pUC57-L-A was digested with Sal I and ligated into pDB722 to create pDB722-L-A. The synthesized L-A sequence is shown in Table 2. The PRF reporter plasmids were transformed into yeast strains, respectively.

4.3. The Generation of HYP2 Complementarity Strains

Sc-HYP2 (NC_001137.3 in GenBank database) was amplified by PCR. Then, Sc-HYP2 was cloned into pRS315 to create pRS315-Sc-HYP2, which was transformed into tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains harboring the pDB722 series of plasmids, respectively. The primers are shown in Table 1.

4.4. The Generation of HYP2 Hypusination Site Mutant Strains

Sc-HYP2 hypusination site K51(AAG) was mutated to arginine (AGG) by the directed point mutation method [54], which was named Sc-HYP2-K51R. Then, Sc-HYP2-K51R was cloned into pRS315 to create pRS315-Sc-HYP2-K51R, which was transformed into tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains harboring the pDB722 series of plasmids, respectively. The primers are shown in Table 1.

4.5. The Inhibition of HYP2 Hypusination in WT Strain by GC7 Treatment

The WT strains harboring the pDB722 series of plasmids were grown in 5 mL of YPD medium at 25 °C until they reached approximately 1–2 × 107 cells.mL−1. Then, the yeast cells were grown in 5 mL of YPD medium which was added 1 mM GC7 at 37 °C for 5 h.

4.6. The Generation of Ty1 Frame 0 Stop Codon Mutant Strains

Two identical nucleotides of the first stem of the pseudoknot of the Ty1 frameshifting element were substituted by the directed point mutation method [54], which was named Ty1-UGU-UUC. Then, Ty1-UGU-UUC was cloned into pDB722 to create pDB722-Ty1-UGU-UUC, which was transformed into WT, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains, respectively. The primers are shown in Table 1.

4.7. The Detection of Polyamines in Yeast Strains by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were measured by HPLC using a Supersil ODS2 5 µm column (Elite, Dalian, China). The WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 HYP2 complementarity strains were grown in YPD media (15 mL) at 37 °C for 5 h. Then, yeast cells were collected by centrifugation at 3000× g for 5 min. Polyamines were extracted from yeast cell lysate with 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) [55], and after centrifugation at 18,000× g for 5 min the supernatant was used for HPLC analysis. A reaction mixture containing 400 μL supernatant, 1 mL 2M NaOH and 30 μL benzoyl chloride was incubated at 37 °C for 20 min [56]. The benzoylzed polyamines were extracted with 2 mL of ethyl ether, dried with nitrogen flow, and dissolved in 200 μL of methanol. Aliquots (20 μL) of each sample were injected onto an ODS-C18 column (Elite, 4.6 × 150 mm) and the benzoylzed products were separated at a flow rate of 1 mL/min at 30 °C with a mobile phase of 60/40 (v/v) methanol/water. The appearance of the benzoylzed products was monitored through changes in absorption at 254 nm.

4.8. Analysis of Ribosomal Frameshift Efficiency in tif51A-1, tif51A-3 and HYP2 Complementarity Strains

The tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains harboring the pDB722 series of plasmids and HYP2 complementarity strains were grown in 5 mL of YPD medium at 25 °C until they reached approximately 1–2 × 107 cells.mL−1. Then, the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains harboring the pDB722 series of plasmids were grown in uracil− liquid media (15 mL) at 37 °C for 5 h. And the HYP2 complementarity strains were grown in uracil− and leucine− liquid media (15 mL) at 37 °C for 5 h. The yeast cells were collected for subsequent protein analyses by Western blot, mRNA analyses by quantitative real-time PCR and ribosomal frameshift efficiency analyses by Dual-luciferase assays.

4.9. Analysis of Ribosomal Frameshift Efficiency in HYP2 Hypusination Site Mutant Strains and WT Strain by GC7 Treatment

The WT strains harboring the pDB722 series of plasmids and the HYP2 hypusination site mutant strains were grown in 5 mL of YPD medium at 25 °C until they reached approximately 1–2 × 107 cells.mL−1. Then, the HYP2 hypusination site mutant strains were grown in uracil− and leucine− liquid media (15 mL) at 37 °C for 5 h. And the WT strain by GC7 treatment were grown in YPD liquid media (15 mL) at 37 °C for 5 h. The yeast cells were collected for subsequent protein analyses by Western blot and ribosomal frameshift efficiency analyses by Dual-luciferase assays.

4.10. Analysis of Ribosomal Frameshift Efficiency in Ty1 Frame 0 Stop Codon Mutant Strains

The Ty1 frame 0 stop codon mutant strains were grown in 5 mL of uracil− liquid medium at 25 °C until they reached approximately 1–2 × 107 cells.mL−1. Then, Ty1 frame 0 stop codon mutant strains were grown in uracil− liquid media (15 mL) at 37 °C for 5 h. The yeast cells were collected for subsequent ribosomal frameshift efficiency analyses by Dual-luciferase assays.

4.11. Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Total RNA was isolated from yeast cells using the E.Z.N.A.® Yeast RNA Kit (Omega, Norcross, GA, USA). For cDNA synthesis, the extracted total RNA (2 μg) was treated in a reaction system of Quantscript RT Kit containing 1 μM Oligo (dT) Primer, 20 U TransScript® RT/RI Enzyme Mix, 2 × TS Reaction Mix and gDNA Remover (TRAN, Shanghai, China). Using the resultant cDNA as template and Sc-actin as an internal reference gene, FL was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method. The primers are shown in Table 1. All qPCR were set up using TransStart® Green qPCR SuperMix (TRAN, Shanghai, China) and performed on an Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Waltham, MA, USA).

4.12. Western Blot

Cells were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China). Samples were frozen and thawed for 1 h followed by centrifugation at 17,000× g for 30 min at 4 °C. Cleared protein lysate was denatured with 5× loading buffer for 10 min at 95 °C, and loaded on precast 10% to 15% bis-tris protein gels. Proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes using the iBLOT 2 system (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocols. Membranes were blocked with 5% w/v milk and 0.1% Tween-20 in PBS for 1 h. Then, the membranes were incubated with anti-HA (1:100, Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) or anti-α-tubulin (1:400, Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) or anti-hypusine (1:400, AtaGenix, Wuhan, China) overnight at 4 °C. The membranes were subsequently incubated with secondary antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) in 5% milk and 0.1% Tween-20 in PBS for 2 h and visualized using Licor Odyssey infrared scanner (Odyssey Clx, Gene Company Limited, Shanghai, China). The optical density of the signals on film was quantified using grayscale measurements in ImageJ software V1.8.0 and converted to fold change. The monoclonal antibody against the hypusine was produced by immunizing rabbits with the synthetic peptide “C-Ahx-STSKTG[hypusine]HGHAKV-amide”.

4.13. Dual-Luciferase Assays

The yeast cells were harvested and lysed with 1 mL of ice-cold 1× passive lysis buffer from the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 15,000× g for 2 min, and the supernatant was assayed for the Renilla luciferase (Rluc) and Firefly luciferase (Fluc) activities, by adding 10 μL of lysate and 10 μL of each reagent, as per the Promega protocol, using Glo MaxTM 20/20 Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Frameshift efficiencies were calculated by dividing Fluc values by Rluc values and then dividing the relative ratios by the average Fluc to Rluc ratio of the in-frame control reporter.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms25031766/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.L., R.W. and W.W.; methodology, A.L., R.W. and W.W.; software, Y.X.; validation, Y.X. and X.H.; formal analysis, Y.X. and R.W.; investigation, Y.X. and R.W.; resources, A.L. and R.W.; data curation, Y.X.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.X.; writing—review and editing, A.L., R.W. and W.W.; visualization, Y.X.; supervision, A.L., R.W. and W.W.; project administration, R.W.; funding acquisition, A.L. and R.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to R. Wang (No. 32270447) and A. Liang (No. 31372199), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 20220302121320) to R. Wang.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the paper and Supplementary Materials. The data used to support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

We thank Paula Alepuz of Universitat de València (Spain) for the kind gift of Saccharomyces cerevisiae haploid strains wild-type BY4741 (MATa his3Δ0 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0) and the temperature-sensitive eIF5A mutants tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 derivatives of the BY4741 strain.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. The eIF5A depletion decreases the putrescine and spermidine levels. (A) HPLC analysis of the putrescine levels of WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains. (B) HPLC analysis of the spermidine levels of WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains. (C) The putrescine/spermidine ratios of WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains. Error bars denote SD. And individual replicates are plotted with a symbol. Different symbols represent different groups of replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
Figure 1. The eIF5A depletion decreases the putrescine and spermidine levels. (A) HPLC analysis of the putrescine levels of WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains. (B) HPLC analysis of the spermidine levels of WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains. (C) The putrescine/spermidine ratios of WT, tif51A-1, tif51A-3, Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains. Error bars denote SD. And individual replicates are plotted with a symbol. Different symbols represent different groups of replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
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Figure 2. Secondary structural representation of the PRF signals used in this study. Graphical representation of the pDB722-Ty1 (A) and pDB722-L-A (B). (C) The formula for calculating the +1 PRF efficiency. Red and green underlined text represent the slippery sequence of Ty1 and L-A, respectively.
Figure 2. Secondary structural representation of the PRF signals used in this study. Graphical representation of the pDB722-Ty1 (A) and pDB722-L-A (B). (C) The formula for calculating the +1 PRF efficiency. Red and green underlined text represent the slippery sequence of Ty1 and L-A, respectively.
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Figure 3. Depletions of Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains decrease +1, but not −1, PRF, respectively. (A) Dual-luciferase reporter plasmids containing Fluc and Rluc coding regions separated by the +1 PRF signal from the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon, or (B) the −1 PRF signal from the yeast L-A virus, or the 0-frame control were introduced into WT, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains. PRF efficiencies (%) were calculated by dividing the ratio of Fluc to Rluc obtained with the reporter versus the 0-frame control plasmid. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
Figure 3. Depletions of Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains decrease +1, but not −1, PRF, respectively. (A) Dual-luciferase reporter plasmids containing Fluc and Rluc coding regions separated by the +1 PRF signal from the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon, or (B) the −1 PRF signal from the yeast L-A virus, or the 0-frame control were introduced into WT, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains. PRF efficiencies (%) were calculated by dividing the ratio of Fluc to Rluc obtained with the reporter versus the 0-frame control plasmid. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
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Figure 4. Sc-eIF5A could complement the functional loss of tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 mutant strains. (A) Expressions of the eIF5A–HA fusion gene in tif51A-1 strains containing Ty1, CTS2 or L-A PRF construct were shown by Western blot analysis, respectively. (B) Expressions of the eIF5A–HA fusion gene in tif51A-3 strains containing Ty1, CTS2 or L-A PRF construct were shown by Western blot analysis, respectively. “+” and “−” denote that the Sc-eIF5A were transformed or untransformed in the Western blot analysis.
Figure 4. Sc-eIF5A could complement the functional loss of tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 mutant strains. (A) Expressions of the eIF5A–HA fusion gene in tif51A-1 strains containing Ty1, CTS2 or L-A PRF construct were shown by Western blot analysis, respectively. (B) Expressions of the eIF5A–HA fusion gene in tif51A-3 strains containing Ty1, CTS2 or L-A PRF construct were shown by Western blot analysis, respectively. “+” and “−” denote that the Sc-eIF5A were transformed or untransformed in the Western blot analysis.
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Figure 5. Re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains enhanced Ty1 +1 PRF. (A) tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h. (B) tif51A-3 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h. Dual-luciferase reporter plasmids containing Fluc and Rluc coding regions separated by the +1 PRF signal from the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon, or the −1 PRF signal from the yeast L-A virus, or the 0-frame control were introduced into WT, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 mutant strains. PRF efficiencies (%) were calculated by dividing the ratio of Fluc to Rluc obtained with the reporter versus the 0-frame control plasmid. Results are the average of at least three independent experiments. Relative Ty1-Fluc (C) and L-A-Fluc (D) mRNA levels were determined by qPCR and first normalized to actin mRNA. Then, for each panel, measurements were normalized to WT samples. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
Figure 5. Re-introduction of Sc-eIF5A in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains enhanced Ty1 +1 PRF. (A) tif51A-1 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-1 strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h. (B) tif51A-3 and Sc-eIF5A-complemented tif51A-3 strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h. Dual-luciferase reporter plasmids containing Fluc and Rluc coding regions separated by the +1 PRF signal from the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon, or the −1 PRF signal from the yeast L-A virus, or the 0-frame control were introduced into WT, tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 mutant strains. PRF efficiencies (%) were calculated by dividing the ratio of Fluc to Rluc obtained with the reporter versus the 0-frame control plasmid. Results are the average of at least three independent experiments. Relative Ty1-Fluc (C) and L-A-Fluc (D) mRNA levels were determined by qPCR and first normalized to actin mRNA. Then, for each panel, measurements were normalized to WT samples. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
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Figure 6. The hypusination depletion of Sc-eIF5A decreases the Ty1 +1 PRF. (A) WT and GC7-treated WT strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and the hypusine levels of Sc-eIF5A in WT and GC7-treated WT strains were shown by Western blot analysis. Cultures contained 1mM GC7. (B) WT and GC7-treated WT strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and Ty1 +1 PRF was detected. Cultures contained 1 mM GC7. (C) WT, tif51A-1-HYP2-K51R and tif51A-3-HYP2-K51R strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and the levels of Sc-eIF5A and its hypusine modification in WT, tif51A-1-HYP2-K51R and tif51A-3-HYP2-K51R strains were shown by Western blot analysis, respectively. (D) WT, tif51A-1-HYP2-K51R and tif51A-3-HYP2-K51R strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and Ty1 +1 PRF was detected. Dual-luciferase reporter plasmids containing Fluc and Rluc coding regions separated by the +1 PRF signal from the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon or the 0-frame control were introduced into the WT strain. PRF efficiencies (%) were calculated by dividing the ratio of Fluc to Rluc obtained with the reporter versus the 0-frame control plasmid. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
Figure 6. The hypusination depletion of Sc-eIF5A decreases the Ty1 +1 PRF. (A) WT and GC7-treated WT strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and the hypusine levels of Sc-eIF5A in WT and GC7-treated WT strains were shown by Western blot analysis. Cultures contained 1mM GC7. (B) WT and GC7-treated WT strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and Ty1 +1 PRF was detected. Cultures contained 1 mM GC7. (C) WT, tif51A-1-HYP2-K51R and tif51A-3-HYP2-K51R strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and the levels of Sc-eIF5A and its hypusine modification in WT, tif51A-1-HYP2-K51R and tif51A-3-HYP2-K51R strains were shown by Western blot analysis, respectively. (D) WT, tif51A-1-HYP2-K51R and tif51A-3-HYP2-K51R strains were grown at 37 °C for 5 h, and Ty1 +1 PRF was detected. Dual-luciferase reporter plasmids containing Fluc and Rluc coding regions separated by the +1 PRF signal from the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon or the 0-frame control were introduced into the WT strain. PRF efficiencies (%) were calculated by dividing the ratio of Fluc to Rluc obtained with the reporter versus the 0-frame control plasmid. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
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Figure 7. The dependency of Ty1 +1 PRF on Sc-eIF5A is determined by the distance between the frame 0 stop codon and the slippery sequence. (A,B) Upper, the sequence and secondary structure of tested frameshifting elements. Lower, the effect of the loss of Sc-eIF5A on the frameshifting of each construct. Red underlined text represents the slippery sequence of Ty1. Purple underlined text represents Ty1 frame 0 stop codons. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
Figure 7. The dependency of Ty1 +1 PRF on Sc-eIF5A is determined by the distance between the frame 0 stop codon and the slippery sequence. (A,B) Upper, the sequence and secondary structure of tested frameshifting elements. Lower, the effect of the loss of Sc-eIF5A on the frameshifting of each construct. Red underlined text represents the slippery sequence of Ty1. Purple underlined text represents Ty1 frame 0 stop codons. Error bars denote SD. * p < 0.05, ns, not significant (Student’s two-tailed t test, n = 3, assayed in duplicate).
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Figure 8. Schematic model of eIF5A and its target genes’ AZIN1 and HOL1 functions. Under the condition of eIF5A depletion, AZIN synthesis is suppressed. Down-regulation of the titration of OAZ via AZIN leads to enhanced degradation of OAZ-targeted ODC, reducing ODC, inhibiting putrescine synthesis, and suppressing further +1 PRF. In addition, eIF5A depletion also leads to decreased translation of HOL1 mRNA, reducing the levels of polyamines and repressing the +1 PRF. Under the condition of eIF5A complementarity, AZIN synthesis is promoted. Titration of OAZ via AZIN prevents OAZ from targeting ODC for degradation, stabilizing ODC, and enhancing putrescine synthesis, promoting further +1 PRF. Moreover, eIF5A complementarity also leads to increased translation of HOL1 mRNA, increasing the levels of polyamines and promoting the +1 PRF. Solid arrows represent the promotion of downstream proteins by the upstream proteins, whereas dashed arrows are the opposite of solid arrows. And solid lines without arrow represent the inhibition of downstream proteins by the upstream proteins, whereas dashed lines without arrow are the opposite of solid lines without arrow.
Figure 8. Schematic model of eIF5A and its target genes’ AZIN1 and HOL1 functions. Under the condition of eIF5A depletion, AZIN synthesis is suppressed. Down-regulation of the titration of OAZ via AZIN leads to enhanced degradation of OAZ-targeted ODC, reducing ODC, inhibiting putrescine synthesis, and suppressing further +1 PRF. In addition, eIF5A depletion also leads to decreased translation of HOL1 mRNA, reducing the levels of polyamines and repressing the +1 PRF. Under the condition of eIF5A complementarity, AZIN synthesis is promoted. Titration of OAZ via AZIN prevents OAZ from targeting ODC for degradation, stabilizing ODC, and enhancing putrescine synthesis, promoting further +1 PRF. Moreover, eIF5A complementarity also leads to increased translation of HOL1 mRNA, increasing the levels of polyamines and promoting the +1 PRF. Solid arrows represent the promotion of downstream proteins by the upstream proteins, whereas dashed arrows are the opposite of solid arrows. And solid lines without arrow represent the inhibition of downstream proteins by the upstream proteins, whereas dashed lines without arrow are the opposite of solid lines without arrow.
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Table 1. Sequence of primers.
Table 1. Sequence of primers.
PrimersSequence (5′ → 3′)
Primers for PCR of the Ty1 and CTS2 PRF signals
Sc-Ty1-FACGCGTCGACGAATGTATCGACATCTAATAACTCT
Sc-Ty1-RACGCGTCGACGTTCTTATAAGGGTTCGTGAT
Sc-CTS2-FACGCGTCGACAAAAAATCAATATTTATCAGTTATGATA
Sc-CTS2-RACGCGTCGACGTATTGTTATGTGTCACATATTC
Primers for construction of recombinant pRS315-Sc-HYP2 plasmid for expression in the tif51A-1 and tif51A-3 strains
Sc-HYP2-FCGGGATCCATGTCTGACGAAGAACATACCT
Sc-HYP2-RCCCAAGCTTATCGGTTCTAGCAGCTTC
Primers for qPCR
FL-FCTAGAGGATGGAACCGCTGGAGAG
FL-RTCTGCCAACCGAACGGACATTTC
Sc-actin-FTGGATTCTGAGGTTGCTGCTTTGG
Sc-actin-RTGGTGTCTTGGTCTACCGACGATAG
Primers for mutation of the frameshifting element of the Ty1 gene
M-Sc-Ty1-FTAGGCCAGAAACTTACTGTATCTTCAGTAAATCATA
M-Sc-Ty1-RTGATTAGTATGATTTACTGAAGATACAGTAAGTTTCTG
Primers for mutation of the hypusination site of Sc-HYP2
M-Sc-HYP2-FGTCCACTTCTAAGACTGGTAGGCACGGTCACGCTAA
M-Sc-HYP2-RTGGACTTTAGCGTGACCGTGCCTACCAGTCTTAGAA
Note: Sequences ‘AAGCTT’, ‘GTCGAC’ and ‘GGATCC’ are the recognition and cleavage sites of restriction endonucleases Hind III, Sal I and BamH I, respectively. ‘T’, ‘A’, ‘AGG’ and ‘CCT’ are the mutation sites of the Ty1 and Sc-HYP2 gene, respectively.
Table 2. Synthesized gene sequence.
Table 2. Synthesized gene sequence.
GeneSequence (5′ → 3′)
L-AGTCGACGATCAATGCGGGCGAACTTAAGAACTACTGGGGTAGTGTGCGTCGTACTCAGCAGGGTTTAGGAGTGGTAGGTCTTACGATGCCAGCTGTAATGCCTACCGGAGAACCTACAGCTGGCGCTGCCCACGAAGAGTTGATAGAACAGGCGGACAATGTTTTAGTAGAGTAAACGTAATCGAACCCTCACACGGACCCCGCCCTACAAGGTACATACTGCAGACGTCGAC
Note: Sequence ‘GTCGAC’ is the recognition and cleavage site of restriction endonuclease Sal I.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Xiao, Y.; Wang, R.; Han, X.; Wang, W.; Liang, A. The Deficiency of Hypusinated eIF5A Decreases the Putrescine/Spermidine Ratio and Inhibits +1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting during the Translation of Ty1 Retrotransposon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031766

AMA Style

Xiao Y, Wang R, Han X, Wang W, Liang A. The Deficiency of Hypusinated eIF5A Decreases the Putrescine/Spermidine Ratio and Inhibits +1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting during the Translation of Ty1 Retrotransposon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031766

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao, Yu, Ruanlin Wang, Xiaxia Han, Wei Wang, and Aihua Liang. 2024. "The Deficiency of Hypusinated eIF5A Decreases the Putrescine/Spermidine Ratio and Inhibits +1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting during the Translation of Ty1 Retrotransposon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031766

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