Structural and Functional Changes in Aging Kidneys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Role of the Kidney in the Human Body
1.2. Loss of Renal Function
2. The Features of Kidney Aging
2.1. Macroscopic Changes in the Kidneys
2.2. Histological Changes
2.3. Molecular Changes
3. Kidney Diseases
3.1. Acute Kidney Injury
3.2. Chronic Kidney Disease
4. Factors That May Be Deeply Related to Kidney Aging
4.1. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
4.2. Modifiable Risk Factors
4.3. Cardiovascular Diseases
4.4. Hypertension
4.5. Tobacco
4.6. Body Mass Index
4.7. Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus
4.8. High Protein Intake
5. Treatment
5.1. Kidney Transplantation
5.2. Prevention of Kidney Aging
5.3. The Effects of Resveratrol on Kidney Aging
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cells | Markers of Cellular Senescence | Models | References |
---|---|---|---|
proximal tubules | SA-β-Gal (EM)/p16Ink4a, p19Arf, p21Cip1 (qPCR) | mouse | [36] |
cortical tubules | SA-β-Gal, p16INK4a (IHC/qPCR), p19ARF (qPCR) | mouse, rat | [37] |
p16INK4A, p27KIP1 (IHC) | human | [38] | |
cortex, glomeruli, intersitium, arteries | p16INK4A, TP53 (IHC) | human | [39] |
p16INK4A, TP53, TGFβ1 (IHC) | |||
p16INK4A, TP53, p14ARF, TGFβ1 (IHC) |
Compounds | Intervention Strategy | Models | References |
---|---|---|---|
SIRT1 | activating Nrf2/ARE pathway | GMCs | [61] |
osthole | inducing klotho expression | human renal proximal tubular cells | [62] |
irbesartan | suppressing RAGE expression | proximal tubular cells | [63] |
gliclazide | inhibiting RAGE-p22phox-NFκB pathway | GMCs and renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) | [64] |
fluorofenidone | blocking RAGE/AGEs/NOX and PKC/NOX pathways | db/db DN mice | [65] |
loganin and catalpol | blocking AGEs–RAGE signaling | DN rats | [66] |
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Dybiec, J.; Szlagor, M.; Młynarska, E.; Rysz, J.; Franczyk, B. Structural and Functional Changes in Aging Kidneys. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315435
Dybiec J, Szlagor M, Młynarska E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Structural and Functional Changes in Aging Kidneys. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315435
Chicago/Turabian StyleDybiec, Jill, Magdalena Szlagor, Ewelina Młynarska, Jacek Rysz, and Beata Franczyk. 2022. "Structural and Functional Changes in Aging Kidneys" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315435