Efficient TGF-β1 Delivery to Articular Chondrocytes In Vitro Using Agro-Based Liposomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Rapeseed Liposomes Physicochemical Properties and Morphology
2.2. Biocompatibility of Empty and TGF-β1-Loaded Rapeseed Nanoliposomes
2.3. Kinetics of TGF-β1 Release
2.4. Effect of TGF-β1 Release on Chondrocyte Response
2.5. Effect of TGF-β1 Release on PPi Chondrocyte Production
2.6. Confirmation of Busy TGF-β1 Signaling Pathways with TGF-β1-Loaded Nanoliposomes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Nanoliposomes Preparation
4.2. Physicochemical Characterization
4.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.4. Chondrocytes Isolation and Culture
4.5. Biocompatibility Assays
4.5.1. Cell Metabolic Activity
4.5.2. Cell Proliferation
4.5.3. Cytotoxicity Evaluation by LDH Assay
4.6. Evaluation of TGF-β1 Release
4.7. RNA Isolation, Reverse Transcription and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
4.8. Sirius Red and Alcian Blue Staining
4.9. Radiometric Assay for Extracellular Inorganic Pyrophosphate (ePPi)
4.10. Protein Extraction and TGF-β1 Signaling Pathways Analysis
4.11. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhao, Q.; Eberspaecher, H.; Lefebvre, V.; Crombrugghe, B. De parallel expression of Sox9 and Col2a1 in cells undergoing chondrogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 1997, 209, 377–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldring, M.B. Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and new approaches to treating cartilage diseases. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2006, 20, 1003–1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, M.; Hussain, S.; Hu, Y.; Yan, J.; Min, Z.; Lan, X.; Guo, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Huang, H.; Feng, M.; et al. Maintenance of SOX9 stability and ECM homeostasis by selenium-sensitive PRMT5 in cartilage. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2019, 27, 932–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aigner, T.; McKenna, L. Molecular pathology and pathobiology of osteoarthritic cartilage. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2002, 59, 5–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, A.; Wei, Y.; Hung, C.; Vunjak-Novakovic, G. Chondrogenic properties of collagen type XI, a component of cartilage extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 2018, 173, 47–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianchi, A.; Velot, É.; Kempf, H.; Elkhoury, K.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, L.; Linder, M.; Kahn, C.; Arab-Tehrany, E. Nanoliposomes from agro-resources as promising delivery systems for Chondrocytes. IJMS 2020, 21, 3436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, M.; Latifi, S.; Kahn, C.; Tamayol, A.; Habibey, R.; Passeri, E.; Linder, M.; Arab-Tehrany, E. The positive role of curcumin-loaded Salmon Nanoliposomes on the culture of primary cortical neurons. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Elkhoury, K.; Kahn, C.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, L.; Arab-Tehrany, E. Liposomes for biomedical applications. In Soft Matter Series; Azevedo, H.S., Mano, J.F., Borges, J., Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 2021; Chapter 15; pp. 392–404. ISBN 978-1-78801-757-2. [Google Scholar]
- Kadri, R.; Elkhoury, K.; Ben Messaoud, G.; Kahn, C.; Tamayol, A.; Mano, J.F.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Sánchez-González, L. Physicochemical interactions in nanofunctionalized Alginate/GelMA IPN hydrogels. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, M.; Elkhoury, K.; Belhaj, N.; Kahn, C.; Tamayol, A.; Barberi-Heyob, M.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Linder, M. Growth-inhibitory effect of chitosan-coated liposomes encapsulating curcumin on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, M.; Elkhoury, K.; Kahn, C.J.F.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Linder, M. Preparation, characterization, and release kinetics of chitosan-coated Nanoliposomes encapsulating curcumin in simulated environments. Molecules 2019, 24, 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Elkhoury, K.; Russell, C.S.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, L.; Mostafavi, A.; Williams, T.J.; Kahn, C.; Peppas, N.A.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Tamayol, A. Soft-Nanoparticle functionalization of natural hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2019, 8, 1900506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Asen, A.; Goebel, L.; Rey-Rico, A.; Sohier, J.; Zurakowski, D.; Cucchiarini, M.; Madry, H. Sustained spatiotemporal release of TGF-β1 confers enhanced very early chondrogenic differentiation during osteochondral repair in specific topographic patterns. FASEB J. 2018, 32, 5298–5311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, G.; Chen, S.; Xie, Z.; Shen, S.; Xu, W.; Chen, W.; Li, X.; Wu, Y.; Li, L.; Liu, B.; et al. TGFβ attenuates cartilage extracellular matrix degradation via enhancing FBXO6-mediated MMP14 ubiquitination. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2020, 79, 1111–1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, H.; Chen, X.; Xue, P.; Ma, X.; Li, J.; Zhang, J. FN1 promotes chondrocyte differentiation and collagen production via TGF-β/PI3K/Akt pathway in mice with femoral fracture. Gene 2021, 769, 145253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Shen, J.; Ying, J.; Xiao, D.; O’Keefe, R.J. FoxO1 is a crucial mediator of TGF-β/TAK1 signaling and protects against osteoarthritis by maintaining articular cartilage homeostasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 30488–30497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finnson, K.W.; Chi, Y.; Bou-Gharios, G.; Leask, A.; Philip, A. TGF-b signaling in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis. Front. Biosci. 2012, 4, 251–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, T.-F. TGF-b signaling in chondrocytes. Front. Biosci. 2005, 10, 681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Kraan, P.M.; Blaney Davidson, E.N.; Blom, A.; van den Berg, W.B. TGF-beta signaling in chondrocyte terminal differentiation and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2009, 17, 1539–1545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abrahim, S.; Selvaratnam, L.; Kamarul, T. The effect of TGF-Β1 and β-estradiol on glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen distribution in articular chondrocyte cultures. Cell Biol. Int. 2008, 32, 841–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terkeltaub, R.A.; Johnson, K.; Rohnow, D.; Goomer, R.; Burton, D.; Deftos, L.J. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and BFGF Exert Opposing Regulatory Effects on PTHrP Expression and Inorganic Pyrophosphate Elaboration in Immortalized Murine Endochondral Hypertrophic Chondrocytes (MCT Cells). J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13, 931–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cailotto, F.; Sebillaud, S.; Netter, P.; Jouzeau, J.-Y.; Bianchi, A. The inorganic pyrophosphate transporter ANK preserves the differentiated phenotype of articular chondrocyte. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 10572–10582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Latifi, S.; Tamayol, A.; Habibey, R.; Sabzevari, R.; Kahn, C.; Geny, D.; Eftekharpour, E.; Annabi, N.; Blau, A.; Linder, M.; et al. Natural lecithin promotes neural network complexity and activity. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, J.; Elkhoury, K.; Barbieux, C.; Linder, M.; Grandemange, S.; Tamayol, A.; Francius, G.; Arab-Tehrany, E. Effects of bioactive marine-derived liposomes on two human breast cancer cell lines. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kadri, R.; Bacharouch, J.; Elkhoury, K.; Messaoud, G.B.; Kahn, C.; Desobry, S.; Linder, M.; Tamayol, A.; Francius, G.; Mano, J.F.; et al. Role of active Nanoliposomes in the surface and bulk mechanical properties of hybrid hydrogels. Mater. Today Bio. 2020, 6, 100046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cailotto, F.; Bianchi, A.; Sebillaud, S.; Venkatesan, N.; Moulin, D.; Jouzeau, J.-Y.; Netter, P. Inorganic pyrophosphate generation by transforming growth factor-beta-1 is mainly dependent on ANK induction by Ras/Raf-1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in chondrocytes. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2007, 9, R122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, J.L.; Colgan, T.D.; Walton, K.L.; Gregorevic, P.; Harrison, C.A. The TGF-β signalling network in muscle development, adaptation and disease. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2016, 900, 97–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.; Massagué, J. Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 2003, 113, 685–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Derynck, R.; Zhang, Y.E. Smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling. Nature 2003, 425, 577–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dostert, G.; Kahn, C.J.F.; Menu, P.; Mesure, B.; Cleymand, F.; Linder, M.; Velot, É.; Arab-Tehrany, E. Nanoliposomes of marine lecithin, a new way to deliver TGF-β 1. J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 2017, 7, 1163–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farmer, T.; Morris, S.C.; Quigley, R.; Amin, N.H.; Wongworawat, M.D.; Syed, H.M. Chondrotoxicity of local anesthetics: Liposomal bupivacaine is less chondrotoxic than standard bupivacaine. Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 2020, 5794187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, X.; Yan, Y.; Sun, T.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, X. Glucosamine sulphate-loaded distearoyl phosphocholine liposomes for osteoarthritis treatment: Combination of sustained drug release and improved lubrication. Biomater. Sci. 2019, 7, 2716–2728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pandolfi, L.; Frangipane, V.; Bocca, C.; Marengo, A.; Tarro Genta, E.; Bozzini, S.; Morosini, M.; D’Amato, M.; Vitulo, S.; Monti, M.; et al. Hyaluronic acid-decorated liposomes as innovative targeted delivery system for lung fibrotic cells. Molecules 2019, 24, 3291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Filová, E.; Rampichová, M.; Litvinec, A.; Držík, M.; Míčková, A.; Buzgo, M.; Košťáková, E.; Martinová, L.; Usvald, D.; Prosecká, E.; et al. A cell-free nanofiber composite scaffold regenerated osteochondral defects in miniature pigs. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 447, 139–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, J.; Wu, Y.; Guo, S.; Zhang, H.; Chen, G.; Xu, X. The efficacy of anti-VEGF antibody-modified liposomes loaded with paeonol in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2019, 45, 439–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karlsen, T.A.; Brinchmann, J.E. Liposome delivery of MicroRNA-145 to Mesenchymal stem cells leads to immunological off-target effects mediated by RIG-I. Mol. Ther. 2013, 21, 1169–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, G.; Nie, M.; Webster, T.J.; Zhang, Q.; Fan, W. Ectopic chondrogenesis of nude mouse induced by nano gene delivery enhanced tissue engineering technology. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 4755–4765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stoelzel, K.; Kohl, B.; Hoyer, M.; Meier, C.; Szczepek, A.J.; Olze, H.; Schulze-Tanzil, G. Effect of nasal sprays on an in vitro survival and morphology of nasoseptal cartilage. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2015, 272, 877–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elkhoury, K.; Morsink, M.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, L.; Kahn, C.; Tamayol, A.; Arab-Tehrany, E. Biofabrication of natural hydrogels for cardiac, neural, and bone tissue engineering applications. Bioact. Mater. 2021, 6, 3904–3923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elkhoury, K.; Koçak, P.; Kang, A.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Ellis Ward, J.; Shin, S.R. Engineering smart targeting nanovesicles and their combination with hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elkhoury, K.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, L.; Lavrador, P.; Almeida, R.; Gaspar, V.; Kahn, C.; Cleymand, F.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Mano, J.F. Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Nanocomposite hydrogels embedding bioactive naringin liposomes. Polymers 2020, 12, 2944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tehrany, E.A.; Kahn, C.J.F.; Baravian, C.; Maherani, B.; Belhaj, N.; Wang, X.; Linder, M. Elaboration and characterization of Nanoliposome made of soya; rapeseed and salmon lecithins: Application to cell culture. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2012, 95, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bordji, K.; Grillasca, J.P.; Gouze, J.N.; Magdalou, J.; Schohn, H.; Keller, J.M.; Bianchi, A.; Dauça, M.; Netter, P.; Terlain, B. Evidence for the Presence of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma and retinoid Z receptor in cartilage. PPARgamma activation modulates the effects of Interleukin-1beta on rat chondrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 12243–12250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, Y.; Zhang, X. Continuous cyclic mechanical tension increases ank expression in endplate chondrocytes through the TGF-Β1 and P38 pathway. Eur. J. Histochem. 2013, 57, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Genes | Sequences 5′-3′ |
---|---|
ACAN | Fwd: CAA-CCT-CCT-GGG-TGT-AAG-GA |
Rev: TGT-AGC-AGA-TGG-CGT-CGT-AG | |
Ank | Fwd: CAA-GAG-AGA-CAG-GGC-CAA-AG |
Rev: AAG-GCA-GCG-AGA-TAC-AGG-AA | |
Sox-9 | Fwd: CTG-AAG-AAG-GAG-AGC-GAG-GA |
Rev: GGT-CCA-GTC-ATA-GCC-CTT-CA | |
Col 2 | Fwd: TCC-CTC-TGG-TTC-TGA-TGG-TC |
Rev: CTC-TGT-CTC-CAG-ATG-CAC-CA | |
Enpp1 | Fwd: TAT-GCC-CAA-GAA-AGG-AAT-GG |
Rev: GCA-GCT-GGT-AAG-CAC-AAT-GA | |
RP29 | Fwd: CTC-TAA-CCG-CCA-CGG-TCT-GA |
Rev: ACT-AGC-ATG-ATT-GGT-ATC-AC |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Velot, É.; Elkhoury, K.; Kahn, C.; Kempf, H.; Linder, M.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Bianchi, A. Efficient TGF-β1 Delivery to Articular Chondrocytes In Vitro Using Agro-Based Liposomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052864
Velot É, Elkhoury K, Kahn C, Kempf H, Linder M, Arab-Tehrany E, Bianchi A. Efficient TGF-β1 Delivery to Articular Chondrocytes In Vitro Using Agro-Based Liposomes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052864
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelot, Émilie, Kamil Elkhoury, Cyril Kahn, Hervé Kempf, Michel Linder, Elmira Arab-Tehrany, and Arnaud Bianchi. 2022. "Efficient TGF-β1 Delivery to Articular Chondrocytes In Vitro Using Agro-Based Liposomes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052864