Structural Basis of Arrestin Selectivity for Active Phosphorylated G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phosphate Sensor
2.1. Polar Core
2.2. Lariat Loop Lysine
2.3. Two Lysines in the β-Strand I
3. Finger Loop as an Activation Sensor
4. Additional Receptor-Binding Elements
4.1. Middle (139) Loop
4.2. C-Edge Loops
4.3. Other Arrestin-1 Elements
4.4. Other Arrestin-2 Residues
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Arrestin-Receptor Complex | Crystallography or EM | Protein Modification | Reference | Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arrestin-1 and rhodopsin | Serial femtosecond X-ray laser crystallography | Researchers have fused a cysteine-free T4L (residues 2–161 with C54T and C97A) to the N terminus of a rhodopsin that contains four mutations: N2NtermC and N282ECL3C to form a disulfide bond, and E1133.28Q and M2576.40Y for constitutive receptor activity. The C terminus of rhodopsin was fused to 3A_arrestin (L374A, V375A, F376A, residues 10–392) with a 15 amino acid linker (AAAGSAGSAGSAGSA). | Kang, Y., et al., Crystal structure of rhodopsin bound to arrestin determined by femtosecond X-ray laser. Nature, 2015. 523(7562): p. 561–7. | PMID: 26200343 PBD ID: 5W0P |
Arrestin-2 and neurotensin | Cryo-electron microscopy structure | Researchers used full-length, native NTSR1 bound to the agonist NTS8–13 (amino acids 8–13 of NTS), and phosphorylated the receptor in vitro by G protein coupled receptor kinase subtype 5 (GRK5) using a protocol established for the β2 adrenergic receptor. | Huang, W., et al., Structure of the neurotensin receptor 1 in complex with β-arrestin 1. Nature, 2020. 579(7798): p. 303–308. | PMID: 31945771 PBD ID: 6UP7 |
Pre-activated human arrestin-2-Arg169Glu mutant and β1-adrenergic | Cryo-electron microscopy | Researchers used β1AR construct that contained six mutations to improve thermostability and three additional mutations to improve folding and remove palmitoylation. A chimaera between this receptor and the vasopressin V2R C terminus enabling efficient in vivo phosphorylation of the receptor and arrestin recruitment was constructed | Lee, Y., et al., Molecular basis of β-arrestin coupling to formoterol-bound β(1)-adrenoceptor. Nature, 2020. 583(7818): p. 862–866. | PMID: 32555462 PBD ID: 6TKO |
Truncated arrestin-2 and neurotensin | Cryo-electron microscopy | Researchers fused the wild type human NTSR1 with the human 3A mutant Arr2 at its C-terminus with a three amino acid linker (GSA). Cytochrome b562 RIL domain (BRIL) was fused to the N-terminus of the receptor to increase the complex expression. Arr2 was further stabilized by fusing Fab30 light chain, an antibody fragment used to stabilize the active form of Arr2,23 at its C-terminus with a 12 amino acid linker (GSAGSAGSAGSA). | Yin, W., et al., A complex structure of arrestin-2 bound to a G protein-coupled receptor. Cell Res, 2019. 29(12): p. 971–983. | PMID: 31776446 PBD ID: 6PWC |
Truncated arrestin-2 and M2 muscarinic cholinergic | Cryo-electron microscopy | Researchers used sortase to enzymatically ligate a synthetic phosphopeptide (pp) derived from the vasopressin-2-receptor (V2R) C-terminus onto the M2R C-terminus (M2Rpp). To enhance arrestin-2 (βarr1) stability, they generated a minimal cysteine variant truncated at residue 393 (βarr1-MC-393) | Staus, D.P., et al., Structure of the M2 muscarinic receptor-β-arrestin complex in a lipid nanodisc. Nature, 2020. 579(7798): p. 297–302. | PMID: 31945772 PBD ID: 6U1N |
Arrestin-2 with multi-phosphorylated C-terminal peptide of human V2 vasopressin | Crystallography | Researchers used a conformationally-selective synthetic antibody fragment (Fab30) that recognizes the phosphopeptide-activated state of of arrestin-2 (β-arrestin1). | Shukla, A.K., et al., Structure of active beta-arrestin-1 bound to a G-protein-coupled receptor phosphopeptide. Nature, 2013. 497(7447): p. 137–41. | PMID: 23604254 PBD ID: 4JQI |
Arrestin-3 with phosphorylated CXCR7 C-terminal peptide | X-ray crystallography | Researchers used a truncated version of arrestin-3 (βarr2) that lacked the carboxyl-terminal residues 357–410 to facilitate its crystallization in an active conformation, while all other biochemical experiments were performed using full-length arrestin-3 (βarr2). | Min, K., et al., Crystal Structure of beta-Arrestin 2 in Complex wsssith CXCR7 Phosphopeptide. Structure, 2020. 28(9): p. 1014–1023.e4. | PMID: 32579945 PBD ID: 6K3F |
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Karnam, P.C.; Vishnivetskiy, S.A.; Gurevich, V.V. Structural Basis of Arrestin Selectivity for Active Phosphorylated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212481
Karnam PC, Vishnivetskiy SA, Gurevich VV. Structural Basis of Arrestin Selectivity for Active Phosphorylated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212481
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarnam, Preethi C., Sergey A. Vishnivetskiy, and Vsevolod V. Gurevich. 2021. "Structural Basis of Arrestin Selectivity for Active Phosphorylated G Protein-Coupled Receptors" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212481