Water Extract of Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr Bryophyte as a Natural Powerful Source of Biologically Active Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Total Biophenols and the Antioxidant Ability of WT, MET, and ETH Cryphaea heteromalla Extracts
2.2. Chemical Characterization of the Cryphaea heteromalla WT Extract
2.3. WT Extract Protective Effect against Oxidative Stress
3. Discussions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Preparation of Cryphaea heteromalla Water Extracts
4.3. Determination of Total Biophenol Content
4.4. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay
4.5. HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS Chemical Analysis
4.6. Cell Culture
4.7. Cell Viability Assay
4.8. Protection Analysis against Oxidative Stress
4.9. Evaluation of the Cell ROS Content
4.10. ROS Detection by Fluorescence Microscopy
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extraction Time | WT | MET | ETH |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.36 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.66 ± 0.04 |
2 | 2.45 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.72 ± 0.03 |
3 | 3.34 ± 0.04 | 1.28 ± 0.02 | 1.22 ± 0.07 |
4 | 3.36 ± 0.07 | 1.26 ± 0.03 | 1.18 ± 0.04 |
Extraction Time | WT | MET | ETH |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 47.33 ± 0.3 | 21.25 ± 0.5 | 22.03 ± 0.5 |
2 | 50.51 ± 1.0 | 23.42 ± 0.3 | 24.32 ± 0.5 |
3 | 52.53 ± 1.0 | 25.36 ± 1.1 | 26.67 ± 0.5 |
Peak No. | RT (min) | m/z Experimental | Molecular Formula (M–H) | m/z Calculated | Error (ppm) | mSigma | Proposed Compound |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.64 | 201.0261 | C4H9O 9 | 201.0252 | –4.4 | 149.5 | Not identified |
2 | 3.9 | 385.1359 | C14H25O12 | 385.1351 | –1.9 | 17.9 | Sugar derivative |
3 | 6.22 | 251.0814 | C9H15O8 | 251.0772 | –16.5 | 4.4 | Not identified |
4 | 8.46 | 447.1226 | C18H23O13 | 447.1144 | –18.4 | 10.4 | Di-hydroxybenzoic acid hexoside–pentoside |
5 | 10.03 | 473.1386 | C20H25O13 | 473.1301 | –18.1 | 5 | Caffeic acid hexoside-pentoside or isomer |
6 | 10.84 | 473.1406 | C20H25O13 | 473.1301 | 18.3 | 7.5 | Caffeic acid hexoside pentoside or isomer |
7 | 19.82 | 327.2227 | C18H31O5 | 327.2177 | –15.3 | 13.9 | Dihydro-p-coumaric acid hexoside |
8 | 21.02 | 329.2380 | C18H33O5 | 329.2333 | –14.3 | 5.6 | Hydrated-dihydro-p-coumaric acid hexoside |
9 | 23.01 | 239.1687 | C14H23O3 | 239.1653 | –14.5 | 10.6 | Hydrated-3-oxo-2-(pent-2-enyl)-cyclopentane-1-butanoic acid (hydrated OPC-4) |
10 | 24.7 | 237.1523 | C14H21O3 | 237.1496 | –11.5 | 10 | 3-Oxo-2-(pent-2-enyl)-cyclopentane-1-butanoic acid (OPC-4) |
11 | 25.4 | 263.1684 | C16H23O3 | 263.1653 | –11.9 | 22 | Dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid |
12 | 27.34 | 315.2569 | C18H35O4 | 315.2541 | –8.9 | 14.1 | Not identified |
13 | 28.9 | 265.1836 | C16H25O3 | 265.1809 | –10.2 | 4.9 | 3-Oxo-2-(2-(Z)-pentenyl) cyclopentane-1-hexanoic acid OPC 6 |
14 | 29.63 | 291.1985 | C18H27O3 | 291.1966 | –6.8 | 14.6 | cis-12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid |
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Provenzano, F.; Sánchez, J.L.; Rao, E.; Santonocito, R.; Ditta, L.A.; Borrás Linares, I.; Passantino, R.; Campisi, P.; Dia, M.G.; Costa, M.A.; et al. Water Extract of Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr Bryophyte as a Natural Powerful Source of Biologically Active Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225560
Provenzano F, Sánchez JL, Rao E, Santonocito R, Ditta LA, Borrás Linares I, Passantino R, Campisi P, Dia MG, Costa MA, et al. Water Extract of Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr Bryophyte as a Natural Powerful Source of Biologically Active Compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(22):5560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225560
Chicago/Turabian StyleProvenzano, Fiorenza, Jesús Lozano Sánchez, Estella Rao, Radha Santonocito, Lorena Anna Ditta, Isabel Borrás Linares, Rosa Passantino, Patrizia Campisi, Maria Giovanna Dia, Maria Assunta Costa, and et al. 2019. "Water Extract of Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr Bryophyte as a Natural Powerful Source of Biologically Active Compounds" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22: 5560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225560