Cross-Regional Research in Demographic Impact on Safety Consciousness and Safety Citizenship Behavior of Construction Workers: A Comparative Study between Mainland China and Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theories of SC and SCB
2.2. Demographic Influence
2.3. Hypotheses
2.4. Methodology
2.4.1. Questionnaire Survey
2.4.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Validity and Reliability Test
3.2. Descriptive Analysis
3.3. ANOVA
3.4. Multinomial Regression
3.5. Demographic Influence Modeling
4. Discussion
4.1. Regional Similarity
4.1.1. Territorial Education Strategies
4.1.2. Workhour Design
4.2. Regional Differentia
4.2.1. Individual and Organizational Motivation
4.2.2. Ageing Problem
4.2.3. Female Caring
5. Conclusions
5.1. Theoretical and Practical Contributions
5.2. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Content |
---|---|
H1 | Hong Kong construction workers perform higher SC and SCB than Mainland construction workers. |
H2 | Gender difference causes significant influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H2.1 | Gender difference causes negative influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H2.2 | Gender causes stronger negative effect towards SC and SCB of Hong Kong workers. |
H2.3 | Gender causes stronger negative effect towards SC and SCB of workers from Mainland China. |
H3 | Education level causes significant influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H3.1 | Education level causes positive influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H3.2 | Education level causes stronger positive effect towards SC and SCB of Hong Kong workers. |
H3.3 | Education level causes stronger positive effect towards SC and SCB of workers from Mainland China. |
H4 | Age causes significant influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H4.1 | Age causes positive influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H4.2 | Age causes stronger positive effect towards SC and SCB of Hong Kong workers. |
H4.3 | Age causes stronger positive effect towards SC and SCB of workers from Mainland China. |
H5 | Working hour causes significant influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H5.1 | Working hour causes negative influence on the SC and SCB of construction workers in two regions. |
H5.2 | Working hour causes stronger negative effect towards SC and SCB of Hong Kong workers. |
H5.3 | Working hour causes stronger negative effect towards SC and SCB of workers from Mainland China. |
Age | Gender | Education Level | Weekly Working Hours |
---|---|---|---|
[<20]—1 | Male—0 | Junior middle school or below—1 | [<35]—1 |
[20–30]—2 | Female—1 | High school—2 | [35–40]—2 |
[31–40]—3 | Technical school—3 | [41–45]—3 | |
[41–50]—4 | Undergraduate or above—4 | [46–50]—4 | |
[>50]—5 | [51–55]—5 | ||
[>55]—6 |
Safety Construct | Dimension | Item | Factor Loading (HK) | Factor Loading (MC) | Cronbach’s Alpha (HK) | Cronbach’s Alpha (MC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Safety consciousness | Education | Item 1 | 0.756 | 0.702 | 0.801 | 0.800 |
Item 2 | 0.859 | 0.908 | ||||
Item 3 | 0.854 | 0.825 | ||||
Experience | Item 4 | 0.819 | 0.831 | |||
Item 5 | 0.981 | 0.892 | ||||
Item 6 | 0.895 | 0.910 | ||||
Conscientiousness | Item 7 | 0.937 | 0.880 | |||
Item 8 | 0.921 | 0.924 | ||||
Regulation | Item 9 | 0.873 | 0.884 | |||
Item 10 | 0.888 | 0.788 | ||||
Item 11 | 0.922 | 0.808 | ||||
Safety citizenship behavior | Mutual help | Item 1 | 0.987 | 0.803 | 0.883 | 0.921 |
Item 2 | 0.973 | 0.851 | ||||
Item 3 | 0.913 | 0.883 | ||||
Relation exchange | Item 4 | 0.807 | 0.929 | |||
Item 5 | 0.813 | 0.571 | ||||
Item 6 | 0.892 | 0.843 | ||||
Suggestion | Item 7 | 0.957 | 0.862 | |||
Item 8 | 0.916 | 0.845 | ||||
Item 9 | 0.894 | 0.866 | ||||
Self-control | Item 10 | 0.729 | 0.926 | |||
Item 11 | 0.906 | 0.933 | ||||
Item 12 | 0.872 | 0.903 |
Dimension | Composite Reliability (HK) | Average Variance Extracted (HK) | Composite Reliability (MC) | Average Variance Extracted (MC) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Education | 0.863 | 0.679 | 0.855 | 0.666 |
Experience | 0.927 | 0.811 | 0.909 | 0.771 |
Conscientiousness | 0.926 | 0.863 | 0.897 | 0.814 |
Regulation | 0.923 | 0.800 | 0.866 | 0.685 |
Mutual help | 0.971 | 0.918 | 0.883 | 0.716 |
Relation exchange | 0.876 | 0.702 | 0.833 | 0.633 |
Suggestion | 0.944 | 0.851 | 0.893 | 0.735 |
Self-control | 0.876 | 0.704 | 0.943 | 0.847 |
Education | Experience | Conscientiousness | Regulation | Mutual Help | Relation Exchange | Suggestion | Self-Control | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education | 0.824 | |||||||
Experience | 0.486 ** | 0.901 | ||||||
Conscientiousness | 0.596 ** | 0.538 ** | 0.929 | |||||
Regulation | 0.449 ** | 0.318 ** | 0.631 ** | 0.894 | ||||
Mutual help | 0.643 ** | 0.689 ** | 0.734 ** | 0.600 ** | 0.958 | |||
Relation exchange | 0.708 ** | 0.587 ** | 0.733 ** | 0.658 ** | 0.645 ** | 0.838 | ||
Suggestion | 0.717 ** | 0.535 ** | 0.742 ** | 0.673 ** | 0.621 ** | 0.652 ** | 0.922 | |
Self-control | 0.674 ** | 0.678 ** | 0.750 ** | 0.601 ** | 0.646 ** | 0.647 ** | 0.616 ** | 0.839 |
Education | Experience | Conscientiousness | Regulation | Mutual Help | Relation Exchange | Suggestion | Self-Control | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education | 0.816 | |||||||
Experience | 0.497 ** | 0.878 | ||||||
Conscientiousness | 0.586 ** | 0.545 ** | 0.902 | |||||
Regulation | 0.370 ** | 0.266 ** | 0.619 ** | 0.828 | ||||
Mutual help | 0.699 ** | 0.696 ** | 0.823 ** | 0.618 ** | 0.846 | |||
Relation exchange | 0.693 ** | 0.639 ** | 0.768 ** | 0.669 ** | 0.723 ** | 0.796 | ||
Suggestion | 0.681 ** | 0.683 ** | 0.768 ** | 0.633 ** | 0.781 ** | 0.700 ** | 0.857 | |
Self-control | 0.705 ** | 0.707 ** | 0.813 ** | 0.633 ** | 0.806 ** | 0.790 ** | 0.739 ** | 0.920 |
Questionnaire | RMR | GFI | TLI | CFI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong | 3.292 | 0.049 | 0.921 | 0.954 | 0.969 | 0.021 |
Mainland | 2.364 | 0.027 | 0.898 | 0.967 | 0.977 | 0.044 |
Criterion | <5 | <0.05 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | <0.05 |
Demographic | Mainland China (253) | Hong Kong (256) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Average SC | Average SCB | SD (SC) | SD (SCB) | N | Average SC | Average SCB | SD (SC) | SD (SCB) | ||
Gender | Male | 141 | 3.981 | 4.001 | 0.355 | 0.411 | 142 | 4.263 | 4.187 | 0.247 | 0.326 |
Female | 112 | 3.472 | 3.362 | 0.533 | 0.583 | 114 | 3.613 | 3.523 | 0.344 | 0.387 | |
Education level | Junior middle school or below | 58 | 2.951 | 3.042 | 0.317 | 0.433 | 42 | 3.175 | 3.265 | 0.324 | 0.437 |
High school | 71 | 3.657 | 3.604 | 0.287 | 0.324 | 98 | 3.619 | 3.515 | 0.279 | 0.343 | |
Technical school | 69 | 4.099 | 3.951 | 0.197 | 0.216 | 63 | 4.242 | 4.253 | 0.165 | 0.221 | |
Undergraduate or above | 55 | 4.299 | 4.291 | 0.277 | 0.244 | 53 | 4.740 | 4.431 | 0.166 | 0.163 | |
Age | <20 | 41 | 3.301 | 3.383 | 0.175 | 0.127 | 47 | 4.451 | 4.441 | 0.186 | 0.177 |
20–30 | 55 | 3.421 | 3.499 | 0.144 | 0.186 | 53 | 4.296 | 4.315 | 0.193 | 0.216 | |
31–40 | 63 | 3.681 | 3.658 | 0.177 | 0.218 | 64 | 3.858 | 3.721 | 0.279 | 0.278 | |
41–50 | 50 | 4.156 | 3.951 | 0.262 | 0.215 | 57 | 3.578 | 3.411 | 0.398 | 0.349 | |
>50 | 44 | 4.257 | 4.123 | 0.390 | 0.325 | 35 | 3.361 | 3.272 | 0.410 | 0.395 | |
Weekly working hours | <35 | 37 | 4.391 | 4.358 | 0.180 | 0.249 | 28 | 4.428 | 4.461 | 0.197 | 0.174 |
36–40 | 41 | 4.051 | 4.142 | 0.186 | 0.233 | 42 | 4.233 | 4.204 | 0.154 | 0.251 | |
41–45 | 52 | 3.734 | 3.761 | 0.212 | 0.282 | 58 | 4.159 | 4.062 | 0.257 | 0.238 | |
46–50 | 49 | 3.615 | 3.593 | 0.240 | 0.332 | 55 | 3.834 | 3.782 | 0.368 | 0.385 | |
51–55 | 37 | 3.442 | 3.378 | 0.333 | 0.413 | 40 | 3.532 | 3.404 | 0.433 | 0.388 | |
>55 | 37 | 3.328 | 3.055 | 0.325 | 0.419 | 33 | 3.341 | 3.123 | 0.435 | 0.432 | |
Total average | 3.756 | 3.718 | 0.669 | 0.802 | 3.974 | 3.891 | 0.674 | 0.821 |
Quadratic Sum | Df | Mean Square | F | p (Sig.) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | SC | Interclass | 1.311 | 1 | 1.311 | 5.685 | 0.01 ** |
Intraclass | 116.899 | 507 | 0.231 | ||||
Total | 118.210 | 508 | |||||
SCB | Interclass | 1.655 | 1 | 1.654 | 5.267 | 0.01 ** | |
Intraclass | 159.304 | 507 | 0.314 | ||||
Total | 160.959 | 508 |
Feature | Constructs | Sig of HK (p) | Sig of MC (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | SC | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** |
SCB | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** | |
Age | SC | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** |
SCB | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** | |
Education level | SC | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** |
SCB | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** | |
Weekly working hours | SC | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** |
SCB | 0.000 **** | 0.000 **** |
Regression Models | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p (Sig.) | Collinearity Statistics | Adjusted R2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Tolerance | VIF | |||||
SC | (Constant) | 3.525 | 0.154 | 29.341 | 0.000 | 0.684 | |||
Gender | −0.336 | 0.066 | −0.244 | −4.127 | 0.000 | 0.698 | 1.433 | ||
Age | −0.324 | 0.038 | −0.415 | −6.740 | 0.000 | 0.642 | 1.557 | ||
Education level | 0.163 | 0.028 | 0.328 | 5.839 | 0.000 | 0.774 | 1.293 | ||
Working hours | −0.149 | 0.027 | −0.268 | 5.570 | 0.000 | 0.879 | 1.138 | ||
SCB | (Constant) | 4.588 | 0.159 | 28.785 | 0.000 | 0.749 | |||
Gender | −0.321 | 0.068 | −0.257 | −4.726 | 0.000 | 0.643 | 1.556 | ||
Age | −0.294 | 0.039 | −0.429 | −7.574 | 0.000 | 0.752 | 1.330 | ||
Education level | 0.194 | 0.029 | 0.347 | 6.736 | 0.000 | 0.761 | 1.314 | ||
Working hours | −0.174 | 0.027 | −0.279 | −6.499 | 0.000 | 0.899 | 1.112 |
Regression Models | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | T | p (Sig.) | Collinearity Statistics | Adjusted R2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Tolerance | VIF | |||||
SC | (Constant) | 2.226 | 0.060 | 37.327 | 0.000 | 0.941 | |||
Age | 0.271 | 0.033 | 0.492 | 8.126 | 0.000 | 0.926 | 1.080 | ||
Education | 0.108 | 0.039 | 0.161 | 2.778 | 0.006 | 0.278 | 3.592 | ||
Gender | −0.052 | 0.026 | −0.037 | −2.000 | 0.047 | 0.868 | 1.152 | ||
Working hours | −0.145 | 0.037 | −0.328 | −3.944 | 0.000 | 0.289 | 3.456 | ||
SCB | (Constant) | 3.360 | 0.371 | 9.063 | 0.000 | 0.948 | |||
Age | 0.286 | 0.045 | 0.450 | 6.435 | 0.000 | 0.912 | 1.096 | ||
Education | 0.119 | 0.052 | 0.153 | 2.295 | 0.023 | 0.322 | 3.106 | ||
Gender | −0.122 | 0.035 | −0.076 | −3.520 | 0.001 | 0.794 | 1.259 | ||
Working hours | −0.181 | 0.049 | −0.354 | −3.690 | 0.000 | 0.381 | 2.625 |
SRMR | TLI | CFI | RMSEA | GFI | AGFI | PGFI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong model | 2.139 | 0.026 | 0.978 | 0.988 | 0.057 | 0.912 | 0.837 | 0.591 |
Mainland China model | 2.966 | 0.042 | 0.965 | 0.977 | 0.065 | 0.903 | 0.924 | 0.598 |
Standard |
Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong vs. Mainland China | 66.16 ** | 19 ** | 0.010 ** | 0.011 ** |
Path | Path Coefficient (HK) | Sig (HK) | Path Coefficient (MC) | Sig (MC) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | <--- | EL | 0.672 | *** | 0.712 | *** |
SC | <--- | Gender | −0.133 | * | −0.631 | *** |
SC | <--- | WH | −0.888 | **** | −0.554 | *** |
SC | <--- | Age | −0.781 | **** | 0.662 | *** |
SCB | <--- | Age | −0.794 | **** | 0.674 | *** |
SCB | <--- | EL | 0.654 | *** | 0.693 | *** |
SCB | <--- | Gender | −0.179 | ** | −0.681 | *** |
SCB | <--- | WH | −0.813 | **** | −0.514 | *** |
Codes of Age | Slope Coefficient (Absolute Value) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mainland China | Hong Kong | |||||||
SC | SCB | SC | SCB | |||||
1–2 | 8.331 | 8.622 | 6.455 | 7.948 | ||||
2–3 | 3.852 | 6.291 | 2.287 | 1.689 | ||||
3–4 | 2.113 | 3.417 | 3.572 | 3.233 | ||||
4–5 | 9.904 | 5.816 | 4.611 | 7.192 |
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Meng, X.; Chan, A.H.S. Cross-Regional Research in Demographic Impact on Safety Consciousness and Safety Citizenship Behavior of Construction Workers: A Comparative Study between Mainland China and Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912799
Meng X, Chan AHS. Cross-Regional Research in Demographic Impact on Safety Consciousness and Safety Citizenship Behavior of Construction Workers: A Comparative Study between Mainland China and Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912799
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeng, Xiangcheng, and Alan H. S. Chan. 2022. "Cross-Regional Research in Demographic Impact on Safety Consciousness and Safety Citizenship Behavior of Construction Workers: A Comparative Study between Mainland China and Hong Kong" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912799