Associations between Adherence to the Taiwan Dietary Reference Intakes of Micronutrients and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Definition of Type 2 Diabetes
2.3. Assessments of the Micronutrient Adequacy
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HbA1c ≤ 6.5% | HbA1c > 6.5% | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | n = 2512 | n = 173 | p-Value |
Sex | |||
Men | 1194 (47.53%) | 99 (57.23%) | 0.01 |
Women | 1318 (52.47%) | 74 (42.77%) | |
Age | |||
19 ≤ age ≤ 30 | 745 (29.66%) | 10 (5.78%) | <0.0001 |
31 ≤ age ≤ 50 | 379 (15.09%) | 18 (10.40%) | |
51 ≤ age ≤ 70 | 750 (29.86%) | 67 (38.73%) | |
Age ≥ 71 | 638 (25.40%) | 78 (45.09%) | |
Body mass index | |||
BMI < 24 | 1392 (55.41%) | 36 (20.81%) | |
27 > BMI ≥ 24 | 606 (24.12%) | 60 (34.68%) | |
BMI ≥ 27 | 514 (20.46%) | 77 (44.51%) | |
Education | |||
Elementary school | 1300 (51.75%) | 81 (46.82%) | <0.0001 |
Junior high and high school | 610 (24.28%) | 73 (42.20%) | |
College or above | 602 (23.96%) | 19 (10.98%) | |
Marital status | |||
Single | 480 (19.11%) | 8 (4.62%) | <0.0001 |
Married or lived together | 1688 (67.20%) | 122 (70.52%) | |
Divorced, separated, widowed, or refused to answer | 344 (13.69%) | 43 (24.86%) | |
Family income | |||
Income < NT $10,000 | 183 (7.29%) | 23 (13.29%) | <0.01 |
NT $10,000 ≤ income < NT $40,000 | 498 (19.82%) | 37 (21.39%) | |
NT $40,000 ≤ income < NT $80,000 | 641 (25.52%) | 33 (19.08%) | |
Income ≥ NT $80,000 | 615 (24.48%) | 33 (19.08%) | |
Do not know or refuse to answer | 575 (22.89%) | 47 (27.17%) | |
Physical activity | |||
Low | 888 (35.35%) | 91 (52.60%) | <0.0001 |
Median or high | 1624 (64.65%) | 82 (47.40%) |
HbA1c < 6.5% | HbA1c ≥ 6.5% | |
---|---|---|
Nutrient intakes | ||
Vitamin A | 1 | 0.64 (0.42–0.99) |
Vitamin C | 1 | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) |
Vitamin D | 1 | 1.08 (0.60–1.96) |
Vitamin E | 1 | 1.10 (0.66–1.84) |
Vitamin B1 | 1 | 1.15 (0.74–1.79) |
Vitamin B2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.51–1.27) |
Vitamin B6 | 1 | 0.73 (0.47–1.14) |
Vitamin B12 | 1 | 1.13 (0.72–1.77) |
Vitamin B3 | 1 | 0.99 (0.63–1.54) |
Iron | 1 | 0.70 (0.43–1.14) |
Magnesium | 1 | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) |
Zinc | 1 | 1.01 (0.64–1.58) |
Calcium | 1 | 0.68 (0.34–1.37) |
Phosphorus | 1 | 1.07 (0.61–1.85) |
HbA1c < 6.5% | HbA1c ≥ 6.5% | |
---|---|---|
Nutrient intakes | ||
Vitamin A | 1 | 0.69 (0.42–1.13) |
Vitamin C | 1 | 0.71 (0.43–1.17) |
Vitamin D | 1 | 1.16 (0.54–2.48) |
Vitamin E | 1 | 0.72 (0.32–1.65) |
Vitamin B1 | 1 | 0.59 (0.35–0.97) |
Vitamin B2 | 1 | 0.82 (0.49–1.36) |
Vitamin B6 | 1 | 0.88 (0.53–1.46) |
Vitamin B12 | 1 | 1.09 (0.66–1.81) |
Vitamin B3 | 1 | 0.99 (0.60–1.65) |
Iron | 1 | 0.92 (0.55–1.54) |
Magnesium | 1 | 0.89 (0.52–1.53) |
Zinc | 1 | 0.69 (0.37–1.30) |
Calcium | 1 | 0.49 (0.17–1.40) |
Phosphorus | 1 | 0.89 (0.53–1.50) |
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Li, M.-C. Associations between Adherence to the Taiwan Dietary Reference Intakes of Micronutrients and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912242
Li M-C. Associations between Adherence to the Taiwan Dietary Reference Intakes of Micronutrients and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912242
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ming-Chieh. 2022. "Associations between Adherence to the Taiwan Dietary Reference Intakes of Micronutrients and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912242