Increased Odds for Depression and Antidepressant Use in the Inactive Spanish Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Ethics
2.4. Variables and Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Practical Implications
4.3. Future Lines of Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | Total = 17141 | Men = 8199 | Women = 8942 | p |
Median (RI) | 47 (21) | 47 (20) | 47 (21) | 0.506 |
Mean (SD) | 46.8 (13.3) | 46.8 (13.2) | 46.9 (13.3) | - |
Age group (Years) | Total n (%) | Men n (%) | Women n (%) | p * |
18–34 | 3297 (19.2) | 1562 (19.1) | 1735 (19.4) | 0.242 |
35–49 | 6177 (36.0) | 2993 (36.5) | 3184 (35.6) | |
50–64 | 5956 (34.7) | 2860 (34.9) | 3096 (34.6) | |
65–69 | 1711 (10.0) | 784 (9.6) | 927(10.4) | |
Depression | Total = 17137 | Men = 8198 | Women = 8939 | p * |
Yes n (%) | 1572 (9.2) | 480 (5.9) a | 1092 (12.2) b | <0.001 |
No n (%) | 15565 (90.8) | 7718 (94.1) a | 7847 (87.8) b | |
Antidepressants | Total = 17138 | Men = 8198 | Women = 8940 | p * |
Yes n (%) | 954 (5.6) | 273 (3.3) a | 681 (7.6) b | <0.001 |
No n (%) | 16184 (94.4) | 7925 (96.7) a | 8259 (92.4) b | |
Self-perceived health | Total = 17141 | Men = 8199 | Women = 8942 | p * |
Negative | 1151 (6.7) | 486 (5.9) a | 665 (7.4) b | <0.001 |
Regular | 3413 (19.9) | 1439 (17.6) a | 1974 (22.1) b | |
Positive | 12577 (73.4) | 6274 (76.5) a | 6303 (70.5) b | |
Physical Activity Level | Total n (%) | Men n (%) | Women n (%) | p * |
Inactive | 2482 (14.5) | 1156 (14.1) | 1326 (14.8) | <0.001 |
Walkers | 7901 (46.1) | 3335 (40.7) | 4566 (51.1) | |
Low/Medium | 4688 (27.3) | 2350 (28.7) | 2338 (26.1) | |
High/Very High | 2070 (12.1) | 1358 (16.6) | 712 (8.0) |
Self-Perceived Health: n (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LPA | Depression | Total | Positive | Regular | Negative | p |
Inactive (n = 2481) | Yes | 355 (14.3) | 62 (17.5) a | 131 (36.9) a | 162 (45.6) a | <0.001 |
No | 2126 (85.7) | 1432 (67.4) b | 465 (21.9) b | 229 (10.8) b | ||
Walkers (n = 7899) | Yes | 846 (10.7) | 242 (28.6) a | 379 (44.8) a | 225 (26.6) a | <0.001 |
No | 7053 (89.3) | 5247 (74.4) b | 1464 (20.8) b | 342 (4.8) b | ||
Low/Medium (n = 4687) | Yes | 294 (6.3) | 109 (37.1) a | 125 (42.5) a | 60 (20.4) a | <0.001 |
No | 4393 (93.7) | 3681 (83.8) b | 626 (14.2) b | 86 (2.0) b | ||
High/Very High (n = 2070) | Yes | 77 (3.7) | 29 (37.7) a | 38 (49.4) a | 10 (13.0) a | <0.001 |
No | 1993 (96.3) | 1774 (89.0) b | 183 (9.2) b | 36 (1.8) b | ||
Total (n = 17137) | Yes | 1572 (9.2) | 442 (28.1) a | 673 (42.8) a | 457 (29.1) a | <0.001 |
No | 15565 (90.8) | 12134 (78.0) b | 2738 (17.6) b | 693 (4.5) b |
Age Group: n (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Depression | Total | 18–34 Age | 35–49 Age | 50–64 Age | 65–69 Age | p |
Men (n = 8198) | Yes | 480 (5.9) | 42 (2.7) a | 145 (4.8) b | 221 (7.7) c | 72 (9.2) c | <0.001 |
No | 7718 (94.1) | 1520 (97.3) a | 2847 (95.2) b | 2639 (92.3) c | 712 (90.8) c | ||
Women (n = 8939) | Yes | 1092 (12.2) | 77 (4.4) a | 277 (8.7) b | 534 (17.3) c | 204 (22.0) d | <0.001 |
No | 7847 (87.8) | 1657 (95.6) a | 2907 (91.3) b | 2560 (82.7) c | 723 (78.0) d | ||
Total (n = 17137) | Yes | 1572 (9.2) | 119 (3.6) a | 422 (6.8) b | 755 (12.7) c | 276 (16.1) d | <0.001 |
No | 15565 (90.8) | 3177 (96.4) a | 5754 (93.2) b | 5199 (33.4) c | 1435 (83.9) d | ||
Sex | Antidepressants | Total | 18–34 Age | 35–49 Age | 50–64 Age | 65–69 Age | p |
Men (n = 8198) | Yes | 273 (3.3) | 22 (1.4) a | 87 (2.9) b | 130 (4.5) c | 34 (4.3) c | <0.001 |
No | 7925 (96.7) | 1540 (98.6) a | 2906 (97.1) b | 2729 (95.5) c | 750 (95.7) c | ||
Women (n = 8940) | Yes | 681 (7.6) | 38 (2.2) a | 165 (5.2) b | 342 (11.1) c | 136 (14.7) d | <0.001 |
No | 8259 (92.4) | 1697 (97.8) a | 3019 (94.8) b | 2752 (88.9) c | 791 (85.3) d | ||
Total (n = 17138) | Yes | 954 (5.6) | 60 (1.8) a | 252 (4.1) b | 472 (7.9) c | 170 (9.9) d | <0.001 |
No | 16184 (94.4) | 3237 (98.2) a | 5925 (95.9) b | 5481 (92.1) c | 1541 (90.1) d |
Physical Activity Level: n (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Depression | Total | Inactive | Walkers | Low/ Medium | High/Very High | p |
Men (n = 8198) | Yes | 480 (5.9) | 118 (10.2) a | 228 (6.8) b | 97 (4.1) c | 37 (2.7) d | <0.001 |
No | 7718 (94.1) | 1038 (89.8) a | 3107 (93.2) b | 2252 (95.9) c | 1321 (97.3) d | ||
Women (n = 8939) | Yes | 1092 (12.2) | 237 (17.9) a | 618 (13.5) b | 197 (8.4) c | 40 (5.6) d | <0.001 |
No | 7847 (87.8) | 1088 (82.1) a | 3946 (86.5) b | 2141 (91.6) c | 672 (94.4) d | ||
Total (n = 17137) | Yes | 1572 (9.2) | 355 (14.3) a | 846 (10.7) b | 294 (6.3) c | 77 (3.7) d | <0.001 |
No | 15565 (90.8) | 2126 (85.7) a | 7053 (89.3) b | 4393 (93.7) c | 1993 (96.3) d | ||
Sex | Antidepressants | Total | Inactive | Walkers | Low/Medium | High/Very High | p |
Men (n = 8198) | Yes | 273 (3.3) | 77 (6.7) a | 126 (3.8) b | 47 (2.0) c | 23 (1.7) c | <0.001 |
No | 7925 (96.7) | 1079 (93.3) a | 3208 (96.2) b | 2303 (98.0) c | 1335 (98.3) c | ||
Women (n = 8940) | Yes | 681 (7.6) | 174 (13.1) a | 373 (8.2) b | 111 (4.7) c | 23 (3.2) c | <0.001 |
No | 8259 (92.4) | 1152 (86.9) a | 4192 (91.8) b | 2226 (95.3) c | 689 (96.8) c | ||
Total (n = 17138) | Yes | 954 (5.6) | 248 (10.1) a | 499 (6.3) b | 158 (3.4) c | 46 (2.2) d | <0.001 |
No | 16184 (94.4) | 2231 (89.9) a | 7400 (93.7) b | 4529 (96.6) c | 2024 (97.8) d |
Physical Activity Level: n (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Depression | Total | Inactive | Walkers | Low/Medium | High/Very High | p |
18–34 years (n = 3296) | Yes | 119 (3.6) | 23 (5.5) a | 56 (4.6) a | 33 (3.3) a | 7 (1.1) b | <0.001 |
No | 3177 (96.4) | 398 (94.5) a | 1162 (95.4) a | 975 (96.7) a | 642 (98.9) b | ||
35–49 years (n = 6176) | Yes | 422 (6.8) | 103 (11.0) a | 202 (7.9) b | 90 (4.9) c | 27 (3.3) c | <0.001 |
No | 5754 (93.2) | 832 (89.0) a | 2363 (92.1) b | 1760 (95.1) c | 799 (96.7) c | ||
50–64 years (n = 5954) | Yes | 755 (12.7) | 173 (19.7) a | 418 (13.4) b | 126 (8.8) c | 38 (7.4) c | <0.001 |
No | 5199 (87.3) | 704 (80.3) a | 2705 (86.6) b | 1313 (91.2) c | 477 (92.6) c | ||
65–69 years (n = 1711) | Yes | 276 (16.1) | 56 (22.6) a | 170 (17.1) b | 45 (11.5) c | 5 (6.3) c | <0.001 |
No | 1435 (83.9) | 192 (77.4) a | 823 (82.9) b | 345 (88.5) c | 75 (93.8) c | ||
Total (n = 17137) | Yes | 1572 (9.2) | 348 (13.7) a | 788 (9.8) b | 320 (6.5) c | 83 (3.7) d | <0.001 |
No | 15565 (90.8) | 2185 (86.3) a | 7279 (90.2) b | 4567 (93.5) c | 2144 (96.3) d | ||
Age | Antidepressant | Total | Inactive | Walkers | Low/Medium | High/Very High | p |
18–34 years (n = 3237) | Yes | 60 (1.8) | 20 (4.8) a | 26 (2.1) b | 8 (0.8) c | 6 (0.9) b,c | <0.001 |
No | 3237 (98.2) | 401 (95.2) a | 1193 (97.9) b | 1000 (99.2) c | 643 (99.1) b,c | ||
35–49 years (n = 6177) | Yes | 252 (4.1) | 73 (7.8) a | 116 (4.5) b | 53 (2.0) c | 10 (1.2) d | <0.001 |
No | 5925 (95.9) | 862 (92.2) a | 2449 (95.5) b | 1798 (97.1) c | 816 (98.8) d | ||
50–64 years (n = 5953) | Yes | 472 (7.9) | 118 (13.4) a | 259 (8.3) b | 69 (4.8) c | 26 (5.0) c | <0.001 |
No | 5481 (92.1) | 760 (86.6) a | 2863 (91.7) b | 1369 (95.2) c | 489 (95.0) c | ||
65–69 years (n = 1711) | Yes | 170 (9.9) | 40 (16.1) a | 98 (9.9) b | 28 (7.2) b | 4 (5.0) b | <0.001 |
No | 1541 (90.1) | 208 (83.9) a | 895 (90.1) b | 362 (92.8) b | 76 (95.0) b | ||
Total (n = 17716) | Yes | 954 (5.6) | 251 (10.1) a | 499 (6.3) b | 158 (3.4) c | 46 (2.2) d | <0.001 |
No | 16184 (94.4) | 2231 (89.9) a | 7400 (93.7) b | 4529 (96.6) c | 2024 (97.8) d |
Risks of having negative self-perceived health | ||||||||
Depression Condition | OR | CI95% | RR | CI95% | p * | rho | p | |
Depression | No Depression | 8.80 | 7.70–10.05 | 6.53 | 5.87–7.26 | <0.001 | 0.284 | <0.001 |
Antidepressants | No Antidepressants | 9.92 | 8.53–11.54 | 6.84 | 6.12–7.63 | <0.001 | 0.271 | <0.001 |
Risk of depression | ||||||||
Sex | OR | CI95% | RR | CI95% | p * | rho | p | |
Women | Men | 2.21 | 1.97–2.47 | 2.07 | 1.86–2.29 | <0.001 | 0.106 | <0.001 |
Age Group | OR | CI95% | RR | CI95% | p * | rho | p | |
65–69 years | 18–34 years | 5.14 | 4.11–6.42 | 2.25 | 2.08–2.43 | <0.001 | 0.22 | <0.001 |
35–49 years | 2.62 | 2.23–3.09 | 1.98 | 1.79–2.20 | <0.001 | 0.135 | <0.001 | |
50–64 years | 1.32 | 1.14–1.54 | 1.24 | 1.11–1.38 | <0.001 | 0.042 | <0.001 | |
50–64 years | 18–34 years | 3.88 | 3.18–4.73 | 1.39 | 1.35–1.44 | <0.001 | 0.120 | <0.001 |
35–49 years | 1.98 | 1.75–2.24 | 1.35 | 1.29–1.42 | <0.001 | 0.099 | <0.001 | |
35–49 years | 18–34 years | 1.96 | 1.59–2.41 | 1.21 | 1.16–1.27 | <0.001 | 0.066 | <0.001 |
Physical Activity Level IAF Level | OR | CI95% | RR | CI95% | p * | rho | p | |
Inactive | Walkers | 1.39 | 1.22–1.59 | 1.28 | 1.16–1.40 | <0.001 | 0.048 | <0.001 |
Low/Medium | 2.50 | 2.12–2.94 | 1.68 | 1.55–1.81 | <0.001 | 0.133 | <0.001 | |
High/Very High | 4.32 | 3.35–5.57 | 1.59 | 1.51–1.68 | <0.001 | 0.180 | <0.001 | |
Walkers | Low/Medium | 1.79 | 1.56–2.06 | 1.20 | 1.16–1.25 | <0.001 | 0.075 | <0.001 |
High/Very High | 3.11 | 2.45–3.94 | 1.18 | 1.15–1.20 | <0.001 | 0.098 | <0.001 | |
Low/Medium | High/Very High | 1.73 | 1.34–2.24 | 1.15 | 1.10–1.22 | <0.001 | 0.052 | <0.001 |
Risks of antidepressant use | ||||||||
Sex | OR | CI95% | RR | CI95% | p * | rho | p | |
Women | Men | 1.86 | 1.68–2.05 | 1.74 | 1.59–1.90 | <0.001 | 0.093 | <0.001 |
Age Groups | OR | CI95% | RR | CI95% | p * | rho | p | |
65–69 years | 18–34 years | 5.95 | 4.41–8.04 | 2.29 | 2.10–2.50 | <0.001 | 0.184 | <0.001 |
35–49 years | 2.59 | 2.12–3.18 | 1.95 | 1.72–2.21 | <0.001 | 0.107 | <0.001 | |
50–64 years | 1.28 | 1.07–1.54 | 1.21 | 1.05–1.38 | <0.01 | 0.030 | <0.01 | |
50–64 years | 18–34 years | 4.65 | 3.54–6.10 | 1.41 | 1.36–1.46 | <0.001 | 0.126 | <0.001 |
35–49 years | 2.03 | 1.73–2.37 | 1.36 | 1.28–1.44 | <0.001 | 0.081 | <0.001 | |
35–49 years | 18–34 years | 2.30 | 1.73–3.05 | 1.25 | 1.18–1.32 | <0.001 | 0.060 | <0.001 |
Physical Activity Level IAF Level | OR | CI95% | RR | CI95% | p * | rho | p | |
Inactive | Walkers | 1.67 | 1.42–1.96 | 1.45 | 1.30–1.61 | <0.001 | 0.063 | <0.001 |
Low/Medium | 3.23 | 2.63–3.96 | 1.86 | 1.71–2.02 | <0.001 | 0.138 | <0.001 | |
High/Very High | 4.95 | 3.59–6.82 | 1.61 | 1.52–1.71 | <0.001 | 0.159 | <0.001 | |
Walkers | Low/Medium | 1.93 | 1.61–2.32 | 1.22 | 1.17–1.28 | <0.001 | 0.064 | <0.001 |
High/Very High | 2.97 | 2.19–4.03 | 1.17 | 1.13–1.20 | <0.001 | 0.073 | <0.001 | |
Low/Medium | High/Very High | 1.54 | 1.10–2.14 | 1.12 | 1.04–1.21 | <0.05 | 0.031 | <0.05 |
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Galán-Arroyo, C.; Pereira-Payo, D.; Rojo-Ramos, J.; Hernández-Mocholí, M.A.; Merellano-Navarro, E.; Pérez-Gómez, J.; Denche-Zamorano, Á.; Adsuar, J.C. Increased Odds for Depression and Antidepressant Use in the Inactive Spanish Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052829
Galán-Arroyo C, Pereira-Payo D, Rojo-Ramos J, Hernández-Mocholí MA, Merellano-Navarro E, Pérez-Gómez J, Denche-Zamorano Á, Adsuar JC. Increased Odds for Depression and Antidepressant Use in the Inactive Spanish Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052829
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalán-Arroyo, Carmen, Damián Pereira-Payo, Jorge Rojo-Ramos, Miguel A. Hernández-Mocholí, Eugenio Merellano-Navarro, Jorge Pérez-Gómez, Ángel Denche-Zamorano, and Jose Carmelo Adsuar. 2022. "Increased Odds for Depression and Antidepressant Use in the Inactive Spanish Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052829