Continuous Compared to Accumulated Walking-Training on Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Sedentary Older Persons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Walking Interval Program (WIT)
2.4. Outcomes
2.4.1. Grip Strength (GS)
2.4.2. Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
2.4.3. Five Times Sit-To-Stand Test (FTSST)
2.4.4. Preferred Walking Speed (PWS)
2.4.5. Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)
2.4.6. Executive Function
2.4.7. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
2.4.8. Health-Related Quality of life
2.4.9. Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Session | Session Description (Sets × Repetitions (Work + Recovery)) | Total Session Duration (min) | Session | Session Description (Sets × Repetitions (Work + Recovery)) | Total Session Duration (min) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 1 | 1 | * 2 × 5 (2 min 4 RPE + 2 min 2 RPE) | 40 | Week 9 | 20 | 1 × 7 (2 min 6 RPE + 4 min 4 RPE) | 42 |
2 | 1 × 10 (2 min 4 RPE + 2 min 2 RPE) | 40 | 21 | 1 × 10 (2 min 6 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 40 | ||
3 | 1 × 10 (2 min 4 RPE + 1.5 min 2 RPE) | 35 | Week 10 | 22 | 1 × 5 (2 min 7 RPE + 3 min 4 RPE) | 45 | |
Week 2 | 4 | 1 × 5 (4 min 4 RPE + 4 min 2 RPE) | 40 | 23 | 1 × 5 (2 min 7 RPE + 3 min 4 RPE) | 40 | |
5 | 1 × 5 (4 min 4 RPE + 4 min 3 RPE) | 35 | 24 | 1 × 5 (3 min 6 RPE + 3 min 4 RPE) | 37.5 | ||
6 | 1 × 7 (4 min 4 RPE + 4 min 2 RPE) | 42 | Week 11 | 25 | 1 × 6 (2 min 7 RPE + 1.5 min 4 RPE) | 42 | |
Week 3 | 7 | * 2 × 5 (2 min 5 RPE + 2 min 3 RPE) | 40 | 26 | 1 × 7 (3 min 7 RPE + 3 min 7 RPE) | 42 | |
8 | 1 × 10 (2 min 5 RPE + 2 min 3 RPE) | 40 | 27 | 1 × 10 (2 min 7 RPE + 1 min 5 RPE) | 40 | ||
Week 4 | 9 | 1 × 5 (4 min 5 RPE + 4 min 3 RPE) | 40 | Week 12 | 28 | 1 × 6 (4 min 6 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 42 |
10 | 1 × 6 (4 min 5 RPE + 3 min 3 RPE) | 42 | 29 | 1 × 7 (2 min 7 RPE + 1 min 5 RPE) | 42 | ||
11 | 1 × 8 (4 min 5 RPE + 2 min 3 RPE) | 48 | 30 | 1 × 8 (2.5 min 7 RPE + 3 min 4 RPE) | 44 | ||
Week 5 | 12 | 1 × 10 (2 min 6 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 40 | Week 13 | 31 | 1 × 5 (4 min 6 RPE + 1.5 min 5 RPE) | 45 |
13 | 1 × 10 (2 min 6 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 40 | 32 | 1 × 5 (3 min 6 RPE + 3 min 4 RPE) | 40 | ||
Week 6 | 14 | 1 × 5 (4 min 6 RPE + 4 min 4 RPE) | 40 | Week 14 | 33 | 1 × 6 (2 min 7 RPE + 1.5 min 4 RPE) | 42 |
15 | 1 × 6 (4 min 6 RPE + 3 min 4 RPE) | 42 | 34 | 1 × 5 (3 min 7 RPE + 3 min 7 RPE) | 40 | ||
16 | 1 × 8 (4 min 6 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 48 | 35 | 1 × 6 (3 min 7 RPE + 1 min 5 RPE) | 42 | ||
Week 7 | 17 | 1 × 9 (2 min 7 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 36 | Week 15 | 36 | 1 × 7 (4 min 7 RPE + 3 min 5 RPE) | 42 |
18 | 1 × 10 (2 min 7 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 40 | 37 | 1 × 7 (3 min 7 RPE + 2.5 min 5 RPE) | 38.5 | ||
19 | 1 × 10 (2 min 7 RPE + 2 min 4 RPE) | 40 | 38 | 1 × 8 (2 min 7 RPE + 2 min 5 RPE) | 40 |
Total, N = 23 | CWIT, N = 11 | AWIT, N = 12 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 71.0 ± 4.1 | 71.7 ± 3.3 | 70.3 ± 4.7 |
Weight, kg | 75.9 ± 13.2 | 71.5 ± 11.1 | 79.9 ± 14.2 |
Height, m | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.1 ± 4.0 | 27.8 ± 3.1 | 30.3 ± 4.5 |
SBP, mmHg | 152.4 ± 16.0 | 151.4 ± 14.4 | 153.4 ± 17.9 |
DBP, mmHg | 82.5 ± 10.5 | 83.4 ± 9.5 | 81.7 ± 11.7 |
SpO2, % | 94.4 ± 4.5 | 95.3 ± 2.6 | 93.6 ± 5.7 |
HR, bpm | 73.4 ± 10.7 | 75.2 ± 12.4 | 71.7 ± 9.0 |
Gender | |||
Females, % (n) | 39.1 (9) | 45.5 (5) | 33.3 (4) |
Males, % (n) | 60.9 (14) | 54.5 (6) | 66.7 (8) |
Variable | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | Partial Eta Squared | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention | BMI | 4.906 | 1 | 4.906 | 7.875 | 0.011 * | 0.273 |
GS | 42.13 | 1 | 42.13 | 6.72 | 0.017 * | 0.243 | |
FTSST | 80.29 | 1 | 80.29 | 21.07 | 0.001 ** | 0.501 | |
6MWT | 65,140.41 | 1 | 65,140.41 | 78.48 | 0.001 ** | 0.789 | |
PWS | 0.68 | 1 | 0.68 | 90.58 | 0.001 ** | 0.812 | |
TUG | 7.22 | 1 | 7.22 | 20.17 | 0.001 ** | 0.490 | |
IN | 1.69 | 1 | 1.69 | 0.04 | 0.836 | 0.002 | |
IADL | 122.66 | 1 | 122.66 | 66.35 | 0.001 ** | 0.760 | |
EQindex | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 | 4.33 | 0.050 * | 0.171 | |
EQVAS | 145.52 | 1 | 145.52 | 1.44 | 0.243 | 0.064 | |
Intervention × Dose-distribution | BMI | 0.045 | 1 | 0.045 | 0.073 | 0.790 | 0.003 |
GS | 0.63 | 1 | 0.63 | 0.10 | 0.755 | 0.005 | |
FTSST | 2.85 | 1 | 2.85 | 0.75 | 0.397 | 0.034 | |
6MWT | 15.62 | 1 | 15.62 | 0.02 | 0.892 | 0.001 | |
PWS | 0.03 | 1 | 0.03 | 3.63 | 0.070 ƚ | 0.147 | |
TUG | 0.47 | 1 | 0.47 | 1.32 | 0.263 | 0.059 | |
IN | 1.99 | 1 | 1.99 | 0.05 | 0.822 | 0.002 | |
IADL | 0.39 | 1 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.648 | 0.010 | |
EQindex | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 0.387 | 0.036 | |
EQVAS | 41.17 | 1 | 41.17 | 0.41 | 0.530 | 0.019 |
Pre-CWIT | Post-CWIT | ES | Pre-AWIT | Post-AWIT | ES | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 ± 3.1 | 27.3 ± 3.1 ƚ | 0.2 | 30.3 ± 4.5 | 29.5 ± 4.3 * | 0.2 |
GS, kg | 33.1 ± 9.1 | 31.4 ± 10.1 | 0.2 | 36.1 ± 10.1 | 33.93 ± 10.6 * | 0.2 |
FTSST, s | 10.9 ± 2.2 | 8.7 ± 1.5 * | 1.1 | 12.6 ± 4.1 | 9.5 ± 1.2 ** | 1.0 |
6MWT, m | 529.9 ± 68.5 | 606.4 ± 80.6 ** | 1.0 | 515.2 ± 63.0 | 589.4 ± 82.6 ** | 1.0 |
PWS, m/s | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 ** | 1.7 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 ** | 1.2 |
TUG, s | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.0 * | 0.5 | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 0.8 ** | 1.0 |
IN | −4.7 ± 8.7 | −3.9 ± 10.3 | 0.1 | −8.3 ± 5.7 | −8.3 ± 6.5 | 0.0 |
IADL | 32.5 ± 2.6 | 36.0 ± 1.6 ** | 1.6 | 33.1 ± 2.7 | 36.2 ± 1.9 ** | 1.3 |
EQindex | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 * | 0.7 |
EQVAS | 74.1 ± 17.1 | 79.6 ± 18.1 | 0.3 | 77.5 ± 14.8 | 79.2 ± 16.0 | 0.1 |
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Monteagudo, P.; Roldán, A.; Cordellat, A.; Gómez-Cabrera, M.C.; Blasco-Lafarga, C. Continuous Compared to Accumulated Walking-Training on Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Sedentary Older Persons. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176060
Monteagudo P, Roldán A, Cordellat A, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Blasco-Lafarga C. Continuous Compared to Accumulated Walking-Training on Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Sedentary Older Persons. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176060
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonteagudo, Pablo, Ainoa Roldán, Ana Cordellat, Mari Carmen Gómez-Cabrera, and Cristina Blasco-Lafarga. 2020. "Continuous Compared to Accumulated Walking-Training on Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Sedentary Older Persons" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176060