The Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Further Epidemiological Evidence from Changchun, Northeastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Air Pollution and Meteorological Data
2.2. Daily Number of AR Outpatients
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Statistical Analysis
3.2. Temporal Patterns of Outpatients and Air Pollutants
3.3. Exposure-Response Associations
3.4. Lag Effects of Air Pollutants on AR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | SD | Max. | Min. | Median | IQR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of AR Patients | 21.7 | 24.5 | 177 | 0 | 15 | 12 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 66.5 | 59 | 495 | 2 | 47.3 | 48.4 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 114.4 | 74.4 | 642.4 | 19.5 | 96.5 | 70.4 |
SO2 (μg/m3) | 37 | 36.9 | 191.3 | 2.4 | 19.1 | 50.6 |
CO (mg/m3) | 0.93 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.46 |
NO2 (μg/m3) | 43.6 | 16.1 | 113.5 | 11.2 | 40.9 | 20.4 |
O3 (μg/m3) | 71.1 | 37 | 332.2 | 14.2 | 62.3 | 44.4 |
MAXT (°C) | 12 | 14.5 | 35 | −22 | 15 | 26 |
AVET (°C) | 6.3 | 14.3 | 28 | −26 | 9 | 27 |
MINT (°C) | 0.7 | 14.5 | 24 | −30 | 2 | 26 |
Dew (°C) | −1.5 | 13.9 | 22 | −31 | −2 | 25 |
Press (hPa) | 1015 | 9.5 | 1040 | 984 | 1014 | 14 |
Wind (km/h) | 10.9 | 5.1 | 32 | 2 | 10 | 8 |
AVEH (%) | 58.5 | 15.3 | 90 | 13 | 60 | 22 |
PM2.5 | PM10 | SO2 | CO | NO2 | O3 | MAXT | AVET | MINT | DEWP | Press | Wind | AVEH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 1 | 0.89 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.93 ** | 0.85 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.17 * | −0.23 | −0.27 ** | −0.23 ** | 0.35 ** | −0.14 ** | 0.09 ** |
1 | 0.89 ** | 0.17 * | 0.84 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.36 | 0.35 ** | 0.30 * | 0.06 ** | 0.01 ** | −0.00 ** | |
PM10 | 1 | 0.38 ** | 0.80 ** | 0.69 ** | −0.018 | 0.073 | 0.01 ** | −0.06 | −0.09 ** | 0.28 ** | −0.03 ** | −0.15 | |
1 | 0.39 ** | 0.81 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.28 | 0.18 ** | 0.19 ** | −0.10 ** | −0.26 ** | ||
SO2 | 1 | 0.68 ** | 0.68 ** | −0.58 ** | −0.64 ** | −0.67 ** | −0.65 ** | −0.53 | 0.41 ** | −0.28 ** | 0.46 ** | ||
1 | 0.22 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.05 | −0.08 * | −0.19 ** | −0.42 | 0.10 ** | 0.08 ** | −0.64 ** | |||
CO | 1 | 0.90 ** | −0.30 ** | −0.19 ** | −0.24 ** | −0.27 ** | −0.25 ** | 0.36 | −0.12 ** | 0.07 ** | |||
1 | 0.35 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.21 | −0.17 ** | 0.10 ** | ||||
NO2 | 1 | −0.36 ** | −0.18 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.27 ** | −0.27 ** | 0.35 ** | −0.12 | 0.01 ** | ||||
1 | −0.14 | 0.22 ** | 0.09 ** | −0.05 ** | −0.12 ** | 0.29 ** | −0.49 | −0.34 | |||||
O3 | 1 | 0.40 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.34 | 0.31 ** | −0.15 ** | 0.13 ** | −0.22 | |||||
1 | 0.54 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.40 ** | −0.31 ** | 0.51 | −0.18 | ||||||
MAXT | 1 | 0.97 * | 0.89 | 0.83 ** | −0.41 * | 0.44 * | −0.54 ** | ||||||
1 | 0.93 ** | 0.77 ** | 0.65 | −0.17 ** | −0.02 ** | −0.22 ** | |||||||
AVET | 1 | 0.97 | 0.87 ** | −0.48 ** | 0.50 ** | −0.51 ** | |||||||
1 | 0.94 ** | 0.82 | −0.35 ** | 0.10 | 0.02 ** | ||||||||
MINT | 1 | 0.84 ** | −0.54 ** | 0.53 ** | −0.46 ** | ||||||||
1 | 0.90 * | −0.48 ** | 0.19 | 0.23 ** | |||||||||
DEWP | 1 | −0.53 ** | 0.38 ** | −0.06 ** | |||||||||
1 | −0.37 ** | −0.01 | 0.56 ** | ||||||||||
Press | 1 | −0.51 ** | 0.10 | ||||||||||
1 | −0.39 ** | −0.17 ** | |||||||||||
Wind | 1 | −0.39 | |||||||||||
1 | −0.17 ** | ||||||||||||
AVEH | 1 | ||||||||||||
1 |
Pollutant | Coefficient β (95% CI) | Relative Risk RR (95% CI) | Percent Change, % (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 0.097 (0.053, 0.140) | 1.102 (1.055, 1.151) | 10.2 (5.5, 15.1) |
PM10 | 0.048 (0.008, 0.088) | 1.049 (1.008, 1.092) | 4.9 (0.8, 9.2) |
SO2 | 0.081 (−0.018, 0.181) | 1.085 (0.982, 1.198) | 8.5 (−1.8, 19.8) |
NO2 | 0.105 (0.057, 0.153) | 1.111 (1.058, 1.165) | 11.1 (5.8, 16.5) |
CO | −0.023 (−0.098, 0.052) | 0.977 (0.907, 1.053) | −2.3 (−9.3, 5.3) |
O3 | −0.007 (−0.060, 0.047) | 0.993 (0.941, 1.048) | −0.7 (−5.9, 4.8) |
Lag | PM2.5 | PM10 | SO2 | NO2 | CO | O3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
L0 | 1.102 | 1.055–1.151 | 1.049 | 1.008–1.092 | 1.085 | 0.982–1.198 | 1.111 | 1.058–1.165 | 0.977 | 0.907–1.053 | 0.993 | 0.941–1.048 |
L1 | 1.071 | 1.027–1.117 | 1.029 | 0.991–1.069 | 1.036 | 0.940–1.142 | 1.048 | 1.007–1.091 | 1.008 | 0.938–1.083 | 0.975 | 0.934–1.017 |
L2 | 1.085 | 1.042–1.130 | 1.048 | 1.011–1.087 | 1.004 | 0.915–1.103 | 1.043 | 1.004–1.083 | 1.026 | 0.956–1.101 | 0.983 | 0.946–1.023 |
L3 | 1.081 | 1.039–1.125 | 1.049 | 1.012–1.087 | 0.984 | 0.8899–1.078 | 1.047 | 1.009–1.086 | 1.024 | 0.954–1.099 | 0.996 | 0.958–1.035 |
L4 | 1.08 | 1.038–1.123 | 1.049 | 1.012–1.088 | 1.017 | 0.929–1.113 | 1.049 | 1.011–1.087 | 1.044 | 0.971–1.121 | 1.005 | 0.967–1.044 |
L5 | 1.081 | 1.039–1.126 | 1.039 | 1.002–1.078 | 1.021 | 0.931–1.120 | 1.05 | 1.012–1.089 | 1.006 | 0.933–1.085 | 0.994 | 0.956–1.033 |
L6 | 1.078 | 1.035–1.121 | 1.037 | 1.000–1.076 | 1.024 | 0.934–1.124 | 1.025 | 0.988–1.064 | 0.993 | 0.920–1.073 | 1.006 | 0.967–1.045 |
L0–1 | 1.113 | 1.060–1.169 | 1.053 | 1.006–1.102 | 1.086 | 0.969–1.218 | 1.109 | 1.052–1.168 | 0.992 | 0.912–1.079 | 0.971 | 0.915–1.030 |
L0–2 | 1.138 | 1.080–1.200 | 1.073 | 1.021–1.127 | 1.075 | 0.950–1.217 | 1.115 | 1.055–1.178 | 1.008 | 0.920–1.105 | 0.965 | 0.908–1.026 |
L0–3 | 1.156 | 1.094–1.222 | 1.089 | 1.033–1.149 | 1.059 | 0.929–1.207 | 1.129 | 1.066–1.197 | 1.02 | 0.924–1.125 | 0.968 | 0.908–1.032 |
L0–4 | 1.171 | 1.105–1.241 | 1.104 | 1.044–1.168 | 1.065 | 0.930–1.220 | 1.143 | 1.076–1.214 | 1.037 | 0.934–1.150 | 0.974 | 0.911–1.041 |
L0–5 | 1.186 | 1.117–1.260 | 1.114 | 1.049–1.182 | 1.072 | 0.931–1.235 | 1.158 | 1.088–1.233 | 1.037 | 0.929–1.157 | 0.971 | 0.906–1.040 |
L0–6 | 1.199 | 1.127–1.277 | 1.122 | 1.054–1.194 | 1.082 | 0.936–1.252 | 1.164 | 1.089–1.243 | 1.033 | 0.920–1.160 | 0.973 | 0.905–1.046 |
Variables | Toronto [42] | London [26] | Taiwan [17] | Beijing [25] | Changchun | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | RR | Concentration | RR | Concentration | RR | Concentration | RR | Concentration | RR | |
SO2 (μg/m3) | 12.3 (7.3) | 1.041 | 21.2 (7.8) | −0.003 | 9.2 (5.23) | 1.43 | 44.1 (21.0) | −0.022 | 37.0 (36.9) | 1.023 |
NO2 (μg/m3) | 47.8 (14.5) | 1.018 | 63.2 (19.7) | 1.017 | 51.9 (15.7) | 1.11 | 52.7 (22.5) | 4.804 | 43.6 (16.1) | 1.069 |
CO (mg/m3) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1 | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.008 | 0.7 (0.2) | 1.05 | - | - | 1.5 (0.4) | −0.023 |
O3 (μg/m3) | 59.1 (30.3) | −0.002 | 34.5 (22.7) | −0.005 | 45.5 (6.5) | 1.05 | - | - | 71.1 (37.0) | −0.007 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 7.7 (3.3) | −0.001 | 12.7 (7.9) | 1.037 | - | - | - | - | 66.5 (59.0) | 1.017 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 16.4 (4.9) | −0.004 | 28.5 (13.7) | 1.016 | 55.6 (16.6) | 1 | 116.1 (67.7) | 1.367 | 114.4 (74.4) | 1.007 |
Temperature | 8.4 (10.5) | 11.9 (5.0) | 23.7 (0.8) | 12.0 (12.3) | 6.3 (14.3) | |||||
Humidity | 70.2 (12.1) | 70.4 (10.9) | 74.0 (3.0) | 53.3 (19.3) | 58.5 (15.3) | |||||
Period | 1995−2000 | 1992−1994 | 2000 | 2009.03–2010.03 | 2012–2015 | |||||
Population | Elderly (≥64 years) | Adults (15−64 years) | Children (6−15 years) | General (all aged) | General (all aged) |
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Teng, B.; Zhang, X.; Yi, C.; Zhang, Y.; Ye, S.; Wang, Y.; Tong, D.Q.; Lu, B. The Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Further Epidemiological Evidence from Changchun, Northeastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030226
Teng B, Zhang X, Yi C, Zhang Y, Ye S, Wang Y, Tong DQ, Lu B. The Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Further Epidemiological Evidence from Changchun, Northeastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(3):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030226
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeng, Bo, Xuelei Zhang, Chunhui Yi, Yan Zhang, Shufeng Ye, Yafang Wang, Daniel Q. Tong, and Binfeng Lu. 2017. "The Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Further Epidemiological Evidence from Changchun, Northeastern China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 3: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030226