Use of Anthracophyllum discolor and Stereum hirsutum as a Suitable Strategy for Delignification and Phenolic Removal of Olive Mill Solid Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microorganisms
2.2. Olive Mill Solid Waste (OMSW)
2.3. Qualitative Detection of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes
2.4. Mycelial Growth Assays
2.5. OMSW Pretreatment Assays
2.6. Enzymatic Activity Quantification
2.7. Microstructure Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Olive Mill Solid Waste Characterization
3.2. Qualitative Detection of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes
3.3. Mycelial Growth Assays
3.4. Enzymatic Extract Production Using OMSW
3.5. OMSW Phenol Removal Using A. discolor and S. hirsutum
3.6. Microstructure Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | Culture Media |
---|---|
S. hirsutum | 100 mL MKM |
A. discolor | 100 mL MKM |
S. hirsutum | 100 mL MKM + 30 g OMSW |
A. discolor | 100 mL MKM + 30 g OMSW |
S. hirsutum | 100 mL distilled water + 30 g OMSW |
A. discolor | 100 mL distilled water + 30 g OMSW |
Characteristics | Value |
---|---|
α-cellulose (% w/w) | 35.2 ± 3 |
Lignin (% w/w) | 33.4 ± 4 |
Hemicellulose (% w/w) | 45.5 ± 8 |
Elemental analysis (C/N) (% w/w) | 48.4/0.84 |
Ash (% w/w) | 2.96 |
Total nitrogen (mg/kg) | 134.2 |
Nitrate (mg/kg) | <1.0 |
Nitrite (mg/kg) | <0.6 |
Total copper (mg/kg) | 8.5 |
Total iron (mg/kg) | <140.0 |
Total manganese (mg/kg) | <13.0 |
Chemical oxygen demand (mg O2/L) | 87.9 |
Total solids (% w/w) | 38.5 |
Volatile solids (% of TS) | 89.7 |
pH | 5.08 |
Total polyphenols (mg GA/100 g) | 149.0 |
Antioxidant capacity (mg Trolox/L) | 214.4 |
Gallic acid hexoside (mg/100 g) | 0.9 |
Gallic acid protocatechuic acid hexoside (mg/100 g) | 0.5 |
Hexoside ferulic acid (mg/100 g) | 0.3 |
Cautaric acid (mg/100 g) | 1.0 |
Caftaric acid (mg/100 g) | 0.9 |
Catechin (mg/100 g) | 1.6 |
Epicatechin (mg/100 g) | 1.9 |
Quercetin-3-rutinoside (mg/100 g) | 1.3 |
Quercetin-3-hexoside (mg/100 g) | 1.7 |
Quercetin-3-glucuronide (mg/100 g) | 2.0 |
Kaempferol-3-glucoside (mg/100 g) | 3.5 |
Kaempferol-3-hexoside (mg/100 g) | 10.2 |
Lipids (% w/w) | 13.23 |
Strain | PDA+RBBR (Decoloration) | PDA+ABTS (Coloration) |
---|---|---|
A. discolor | ++++ | ++++ |
S. hirsutum | ++ | ++++ |
Culture Conditions | Maximum Mycelial Diameter (mm) (Amax) | Mycelial Growth Rate (mm/day) (rmax) | Lag Phase (d) (λ) | e | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDA medium | |||||
A. discolor | 100 ± 2 | 17.9 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.7183 | 0.9968 |
S. hirsutum | 102 ± 5 | 16.8 ± 1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 2.7183 | 0.9838 |
OMSW | |||||
A. discolor | 78 ± 39 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 2.7183 | 0.9585 |
S. hirsutum | 212 ± 46 | 9.7 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 2.7183 | 0.9857 |
PDA and OMSW | |||||
A. discolor | 103 ± 4 | 12.1 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 2.7183 | 0.9864 |
S. hirsutum | 100 ± 3 | 14.3 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 2.7183 | 0.9793 |
Strain | Phenolic Compounds Removal (%) | Reaction Time (days) | Specific Conditions | OMSW (g)/Water (mL) Proportion | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Others | |||||
Phanerochaete flavido-alba | 70 | 60 | 30 | Aeration: sterile O2 (3 L/min for 1 min) every 24 h | 1:0.3 | [66] |
P. radiata | 95.8 | 140 | 30 | - | 1:0.1 | [67] |
C. rigida | 89.2 | |||||
P. cinnabarinus | 88.7 | |||||
Phlebiasp. | 85 | 30 | 28 | Immobilization in Polyurethane sponge | 1:0.1 | [26] |
Panus tigrinus | 36 | |||||
Phlebiasp. | 43 | |||||
A. auricula-judae | 60 | 28 | 24 | - | 1:4.5 | [60] |
B. adusta | 80 | |||||
C. radians | 75 | |||||
A discolor | 90 | 24 | 25 | - | 1:3.3 | This work |
S. hirsutum | 85 |
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Benavides, V.; Pinto-Ibieta, F.; Serrano, A.; Rubilar, O.; Ciudad, G. Use of Anthracophyllum discolor and Stereum hirsutum as a Suitable Strategy for Delignification and Phenolic Removal of Olive Mill Solid Waste. Foods 2022, 11, 1587. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111587
Benavides V, Pinto-Ibieta F, Serrano A, Rubilar O, Ciudad G. Use of Anthracophyllum discolor and Stereum hirsutum as a Suitable Strategy for Delignification and Phenolic Removal of Olive Mill Solid Waste. Foods. 2022; 11(11):1587. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111587
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenavides, Viviana, Fernanda Pinto-Ibieta, Antonio Serrano, Olga Rubilar, and Gustavo Ciudad. 2022. "Use of Anthracophyllum discolor and Stereum hirsutum as a Suitable Strategy for Delignification and Phenolic Removal of Olive Mill Solid Waste" Foods 11, no. 11: 1587. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111587