Preparation and Formula Analysis of Anti-Biofouling Titania–Polyurea Spray Coating with Nano/Micro-Structure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Formulations and Fabrication of Titania–Polyurea (TiO2–SPUA) Spray Coating
2.2.2. Surface Characterizations
2.2.3. Preparation of Bio-Medium and Bioassays
2.2.4. Surface Hardness Test
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Formulating of Surface Features
3.1.1. Morphological and Chemical Composition Analysis
3.1.2. Surface Wettability
3.2. Formulating of Anti-Biofouling Performance
3.2.1. Nano-Titanium Dioxide vs. Photocatalytic and/or EPS Degradation & Morphology
- High weight percentage of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2 wt.%) in the coating system may cause the photocatalytic degradation and EPS degradation to inhibit the reversible attachment of biofilm.
- Low weight percentage of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2 wt.%) in the coating system may use photocatalytic degradation to inhibit the attachment of biofilm by damaging microbial membrane and quorum sensing.
3.2.2. Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity vs. Biofilm Adhesion
- The hydrophobic surface may reduce the adhesion of the biofilm more significantly than hydrophilic ones under high shear force.
- Hydrophobic and hydrophilic coating surface may both potentially reduce the adhesion of the biofilm under high shear force by convection factors.
3.3. Formulating of Surface Hardness
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulation Code Name | Part A | Part B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component “A” | Component “B” | P1000 | TiO2 | PDMS | IPA | |
PG1E1 | 62.5 | 15.0 | 17.5 | – | – | – |
T-PG1E2 | 62.5 | 14.8 | 22.3 | 0.4 | – | – |
T-PG1E3 | 62.5 | 14.7 | 22.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | – |
T-PG1E4 | 62.5 | 14.7 | 22.0 | 0.4 | – | 0.4 |
PG2E1 | 60.0 | – | 40.0 | – | – | – |
PG2E2 | 60.0 | 8.0 | 32.0 | – | – | – |
T-PG3E1 | 50.0 | 10.5 | 36.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | – |
T-PG3E2 | 50.0 | 10.5 | 36.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | – |
Formulations & Effect | PG1E1 | T-PG1E2 | T-PG1E3 | T-PG1E4 | PG2E1 | PG2E2 | T-PG3E1 | T-PG3E2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2 (wt.%) | – | 0.4 | – | 0.4 | – | – | 1.5 | 1.5 |
PDMS (wt.%) | – | – | 0.4 | – | – | – | 1.5 | 1.5 |
CA (°) | 61.5 ± 2.7 | 66.9 ± 2.9 | 73.0 ± 4.9 | 64.4 ± 1.4 | 68.4 ± 6.9 | 63.8 ± 1.9 | 88.5 ± 6.4 | 91.5 ± 2.6 |
SFE (mJ/m2) | 57.3 | 49.4 | 45.8 | 51.5 | 47.1 | 52.3 | 37.2 | 32.5 |
Formulation Code Name | Surface Features | Nano-TiO2 wt.% | 60 ± 5 rpm/10 days (Low Shear Force) | 240 ± 5 rpm/10 days (High Shear Force) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CVD TiO2 Surface (Control Group 1)-Live | Super hydrophilic (CA < 5°) | 100.0 | ||
CVD TiO2 Surface (Control Group 1)-Dead | Super hydrophilic (CA < 5°) | 100.0 |
Formulation Code Name | Surface Features | Nano-TiO2 wt.% | 60 ± 5 rpm/10 days (Low Shear Force) | 240 ± 5 rpm/10 days (High Shear Force) |
---|---|---|---|---|
T-PG1E2 | Hydrophilic (5° < CA < 90°) | 0.4 | ||
T-PG1E2 | Hydrophilic (5° < CA < 90°) | 0.4 | ||
T-PG3E2 | Hydrophobic (90° < CA < 150°) | 1.5 | ||
T-PG3E2 | Hydrophobic (90° < CA < 150°) | 1.5 |
Formulation Code Name | Surface Features | Nano-TiO2 wt.% | 60 ± 5 rpm/10 days (Low Shear Force) | 240 ± 5 rpm/10 days (High Shear Force) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Concrete coupon of CDC biofilm reactor-Live | Super hydrophilic (CA < 5°) | 0.0 | ||
Concrete coupon of CDC biofilm reactor-Dead | Super hydrophilic (CA < 5°) | 0.0 | ||
Fluoro-modified elastomeric polyurethane (Control Group 2)-Live | Superhydrophobic (CA > 150°) | 0.0 | ||
Fluoro-modified elastomeric polyurethane (Control Group 2)-Dead | Superhydrophobic (CA > 150 °) | 0.0 |
Formulations & Effect | PG1E1 | T-PG1E2 | T-PG1E3 | T-PG1E4 | PG2E1 | PG2E2 | T-PG3E1 | T-PG3E2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component “B”: P1000 (wt.%) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
PDMS (wt.%) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
TiO2 (wt.%) | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
SH (A) | 77 | 98 | 48 | 75 | 50 | 92 | 72 | 74 |
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Li, Y.; Luo, B.; Guet, C.; Narasimalu, S.; Dong, Z. Preparation and Formula Analysis of Anti-Biofouling Titania–Polyurea Spray Coating with Nano/Micro-Structure. Coatings 2019, 9, 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090560
Li Y, Luo B, Guet C, Narasimalu S, Dong Z. Preparation and Formula Analysis of Anti-Biofouling Titania–Polyurea Spray Coating with Nano/Micro-Structure. Coatings. 2019; 9(9):560. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090560
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yuanzhe, Boyang Luo, Claude Guet, Srikanth Narasimalu, and Zhili Dong. 2019. "Preparation and Formula Analysis of Anti-Biofouling Titania–Polyurea Spray Coating with Nano/Micro-Structure" Coatings 9, no. 9: 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090560