Alterations of Plasma Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Children with Refractory Epilepsies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laboratory Investigations
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Group | Drug-Resistant Group | Controlled Epilepsy Group | Healthy Controls |
---|---|---|---|
N | 20 | 20 | 16 |
Female/male | 8/12 | 11/9 | 8/8 |
Age (Mean + SD years) | 9.2 + 4.2 | 8.5 + 4.6 | 9.2 + 4.0 |
Epilepsy duration n ± SD | 6.2 + 0.5 | 3.8 + 1.2 | - |
Seizure frequency n ± SD, seizure/month | 10.0 ± 14.2 | 0 | - |
Brain MRI findings (%) | |||
Normal | 45 | 68 | - |
Abnormal | 55 | 32 | - |
EEG parameters (%) | |||
Focal interictal discharges | 29 | 26 | - |
Encephalopathic patterns | 46 | 28 | - |
Bilateral spike-and-wave discharges | 25 | 46 | - |
Anti-epileptic drugs (n) | |||
Mono-drug | 2 | 17 | - |
Two-drug combinations | 10 | 3 | - |
Poly-drug | 8 | 0 | |
NHS score | - | ||
>10 | 15 | 3 | |
<10 | 5 | 17 |
Study Groups | Drug-Resistant Seizures | Controlled Epilepsy | Healthy Controls |
---|---|---|---|
CRP (mg/l) | 3.9 ± 4.1 | 3.6 ± 4.8 | 3.4 ± 3.3 |
WBC (109/L) | 8.3 ± 4.5 | 9.4 ± 3.0 | 7.8 ± 4.2 |
Neutrophils (%) | 57.7 ± 21.6 | 54.1 ± 22.8 | 44.1 ± 32.3 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 40.0 ± 16.3 | 39.6 ± 15.6 | 41.6 ± 14.7 |
NLR | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.38 ± 1.19 | 1.03 ± 0.08 |
GLU (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 4.3± 2.3 |
Proinflammatory Cytokines | Interquartile Range Quartiles | Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Group | Controlled Epilepsy Group | Healthy Controls |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | Q1 | 282.0 | 293.0 | 168.0 |
Q2 | 371.0 | 420.0 | 392.0 | |
Q3 | 754.0 | 561.0 | 402.0 | |
CCL 4 | Q1 | 33.9 | 34.0 | 20.7 |
Q2 | 48.6 | 44.8 | 38.8 | |
Q3 | 79.7 | 57.4 | 44.8 | |
CCL11 * | Q1 | 90.9 | 55.9 | 35.9 |
Q2 | 118.0 | 66.4 | 53.4 | |
Q3 | 149.9 | 88.0 | 74.3 | |
PGE2 | Q1 | 324.2 | 388.0 | 278.0 |
Q2 | 549.5 | 475.0 | 406.0 | |
Q3 | 970.0 | 595.0 | 541.0 |
Targeted Proinflammatory Molecules | Spearman’s Correlation Rho | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seizure Frequency | Sig. (2 Tailed) | Seizure Severity NHS3 | Sig. (2 Tailed) | Epilepsy Duration | Sig. (2 Tailed) | |
CCL2 | 0.08 | 0.556 | −0.264 | 0,343 | −0.065 | 0.727 |
CCL4 | 0.59 | 0.663 | 0.296 | 0.027 | −0.363 | 0.061 |
CCL11 | 0.786 * | 0.000 | 0.185 | 0.172 | −0.106 | 0.570 |
PGE2 | 0.122 | 0.370 | 0.886* | 0,000 | −0.229 | 0.214 |
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Gakharia, T.; Bakhtadze, S.; Lim, M.; Khachapuridze, N.; Kapanadze, N. Alterations of Plasma Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Children with Refractory Epilepsies. Children 2022, 9, 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101506
Gakharia T, Bakhtadze S, Lim M, Khachapuridze N, Kapanadze N. Alterations of Plasma Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Children with Refractory Epilepsies. Children. 2022; 9(10):1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101506
Chicago/Turabian StyleGakharia, Tatia, Sophia Bakhtadze, Ming Lim, Nana Khachapuridze, and Nana Kapanadze. 2022. "Alterations of Plasma Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Children with Refractory Epilepsies" Children 9, no. 10: 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101506