Compositional Variation and Color Diversity of Glass Beads from the 4th Century Tomb Complex in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results and Interpretation
3.1. Stereoscopic Microscopy
3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.3. Chemical Composition and Variations
3.3.1. Classification
3.3.2. Chemical Variation
3.4. Interpretation of Diversity
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample No. | Material | Location | Tomb Type | Color | Number | Internal Diameter (mm) | External Diameter (mm) | Thickness (mm) | Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S8-G-Blue | glass bead | No. 8 | stone-lined tomb | Blue | broken pieces | 0.15–0.25 | 0.43–0.64 | 0.25–0.51 | translucent, small amount of air bell, black and yellow impurities, crack of surface, surface weathering |
S11-G-Brown | glass bead | No. 11 | pit tomb | Brown | 4 | 0.10–0.15 | 0.34–0.35 | 0.18–0.22 | opaque, elongated black impurities, small amount of air bell, white particles on surface |
S11-G-Green | Green | 16 | 0.05 | 0.19–0.24 | 0.09–0.16 | opaque, many air bells, black, yellow, and yellowish-brown impurities | |||
S11-G-Blue-green | Blue-green | broken pieces | − | − | 0.08–0.42 | translucent, many air bells, surface weathering | |||
S12-G-Brown | glass bead | No. 12 | pit tomb | Brown | 121 | 0.10–0.15 | 0.20–0.36 | 0.09–0.32 | opaque, black impurities, small number of air bells |
S18-G-Light blue | glass bead | No. 18 | pit tomb | Light blue | 2 | 0.10–0.15 | 0.35–0.42 | 0.22–0.34 | translucent, many air bells, black impurities, surface weathering |
S18-G-Brown | Brown | 12 | 0.10–0.15 | 0.23–0.29 | 0.08–0.26 | opaque, many air bells, elongated black impurities | |||
S18-G-Green | Green | 74 | 0.10–0.15 | 0.29–0.43 | 0.19–0.32 | opaque, elongated black impurities |
Compounds | S8-G-Blue | S11-G-Brown | S11-G-Green | S11-G-Blue-green | S12-G-Brown | S18-G-Lightgreen | S18-G-Brown | S18-G-Green |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 68.61 | 70.59 | 60.37 | 78.63 | 66.73 | 63.49 | 63.91 | 68.89 |
Al2O3 | 2.40 | 4.28 | 8.70 | 1.24 | 8.32 | 11.54 | 10.49 | 6.81 |
Fe2O3 | 1.24 | 1.35 | 1.09 | 0.63 | 2.06 | 0.74 | 1.82 | 2.35 |
CaO | 6.29 | 1.78 | 2.74 | 1.62 | 1.91 | 1.53 | 2.90 | 1.54 |
MgO | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.09 | 0.63 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.13 |
Na2O | 19.13 | 15.22 | 19.31 | 0.00 | 14.79 | 17.49 | 12.95 | 12.94 |
K2O | 0.32 | 1.26 | 1.73 | 14.06 | 1.79 | 3.05 | 1.14 | 1.90 |
CuO | 0.00 | 3.11 | 0.95 | 2.09 | 1.93 | 0.54 | 2.05 | 0.85 |
MnO | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
PbO | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 2.43 |
TiO2 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.55 | 0.90 | 1.73 |
SO3 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Total | 98.83 | 99.38 | 99.55 | 100.02 | 99.21 | 98.98 | 99.35 | 99.57 |
No. | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | K2O | CuO | MnO | PbO | SnO2 | TiO2 | SO3 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a1 | 68.98 | 19.42 | 4.94 | 1.44 | 1.40 | 0.47 | 2.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 99.77 |
a2 | 68.38 | 2.41 | 1.37 | 6.48 | 0.79 | 19.05 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 98.82 |
a3 | 69.00 | 2.25 | 1.22 | 6.52 | 0.64 | 18.94 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 98.91 |
a4 | 84.61 | 3.07 | 1.53 | 7.39 | 0.80 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 98.56 |
a5 | 84.18 | 3.04 | 1.34 | 7.76 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 98.57 |
b1 | 73.97 | 4.50 | 1.49 | 1.76 | 0.80 | 11.82 | 1.21 | 2.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 99.35 |
b2 | 72.90 | 4.20 | 0.96 | 2.03 | 0.58 | 11.96 | 1.16 | 4.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.00 | 99.31 |
b3 | 73.27 | 4.57 | 1.06 | 1.66 | 0.97 | 12.32 | 1.19 | 3.91 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.00 | 99.39 |
b4 | 73.47 | 4.46 | 1.49 | 1.82 | 0.63 | 11.94 | 1.41 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 99.31 |
c1 | 35.13 | 7.44 | 2.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.55 | 31.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 99.39 |
c2 | 41.20 | 7.78 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 12.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 30.07 | 6.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 99.49 |
c3 | 34.89 | 4.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 9.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
d1 | 76.20 | 1.12 | 0.40 | 1.31 | 0.51 | 0.00 | 17.75 | 1.80 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
d2 | 75.72 | 1.23 | 0.60 | 1.50 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 17.61 | 1.90 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
d3 | 84.86 | 1.35 | 1.18 | 1.81 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 6.58 | 2.37 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.01 |
d4 | 89.01 | 3.77 | 1.12 | 1.39 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 2.36 | 0.93 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 99.64 |
e1 | 2.05 | 0.00 | 97.69 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
e2 | 43.31 | 5.82 | 0.83 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 44.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 2.41 | 99.53 |
f1 | 48.20 | 8.59 | 0.78 | 1.25 | 0.00 | 15.19 | 11.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 13.46 | 99.09 |
f2 | 53.47 | 9.39 | 0.62 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 16.27 | 7.80 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 8.35 | 98.72 |
f3 | 53.91 | 8.89 | 0.64 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 22.72 | 4.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 92.04 |
f4 | 57.08 | 9.74 | 0.55 | 1.68 | 0.00 | 21.92 | 2.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 93.66 |
g1 | 8.38 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 89.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.01 |
g2 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 98.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
g3 | 44.22 | 8.17 | 1.41 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 43.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 100.01 |
h1 | 17.73 | 2.17 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 63.44 | 12.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
h2 | 6.95 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 75.79 | 15.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 99.99 |
h3 | 70.62 | 7.49 | 2.19 | 1.74 | 0.49 | 13.11 | 1.92 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.91 | 0.00 | 99.47 |
h4 | 67.21 | 7.09 | 2.44 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 12.86 | 1.80 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 4.18 | 0.00 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 99.63 |
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Yi, J.; Yang, H.R.; Lee, C.H. Compositional Variation and Color Diversity of Glass Beads from the 4th Century Tomb Complex in Korea. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5233. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115233
Yi J, Yang HR, Lee CH. Compositional Variation and Color Diversity of Glass Beads from the 4th Century Tomb Complex in Korea. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5233. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115233
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Jeongeun, Hye Ri Yang, and Chan Hee Lee. 2021. "Compositional Variation and Color Diversity of Glass Beads from the 4th Century Tomb Complex in Korea" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5233. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115233