Effects of Replacing Medical Zinc Oxide with Different Ratios of Inorganic: Organic Zinc or Reducing Crude Protein Diet with Mixed Feed Additives in Weaned Piglet Diets
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Treatments
2.2. Chemical Analysis for Diet and Feces
2.3. Procedures of Microbial Shedding
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Diarrhea Score
3.2. Nutrient Digestibility
3.3. Zinc Utilization
3.4. Blood Profiles
3.5. Fecal Microflora
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | 0 to 2 Weeks | 2 to 4 Weeks | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basal Diet | Low CP Diet | Basal Diet | Low CP Diet | |
Ingredient, % | ||||
Corn | 34.43 | 38.34 | 60.81 | 66.12 |
Extruded corn | 15.00 | 15.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Lactose | 10.00 | 10.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Dehulled soybean meal, 51% CP a | 13.50 | 10.00 | 13.00 | 8.07 |
Soy protein concentrate, 65% CP | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Plasma powder | 6.00 | 4.50 | 3.00 | 2.50 |
Whey | 5.00 | 6.00 | - | - |
Soy oil | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.15 | 1.15 |
Limestone | 1.40 | 1.40 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
L-lysine-HCl, 78% | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
DL-methionine, 50% | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.30 |
Choline chloride, 25% | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Vitamin premix b | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Trace mineral premix c | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Salt | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.30 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Calculated value d | ||||
ME, kcal/kg | 3508 | 3503 | 3386 | 3385 |
CP, % | 20.78 | 18.70 | 18.78 | 16.92 |
Lysine, % | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.15 | 1.15 |
Metionine, % | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Ca | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
p | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
Analyzed value | ||||
ME, kcal/kg | 3512 | 3507 | 3402 | 3396 |
CP, % | 20.92 | 18.76 | 18.82 | 16.94 |
Treatment | CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic:Organic Zinc | 0 | 1000:0 | 850:150 | 700:300 | 500:500 | LP + MFA | ||
Initial BW, kg | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 0.999 |
2 week BW, kg x, z | 13.6 b | 14.9 a | 14.6 ab | 14.0 ab | 14.9 a | 13.7 b | 0.3 | 0.012 |
Final BW, kg x | 21.3 b | 23.2 a | 23.0 a | 22.3 ab | 23.7 a | 23.0 a | 0.5 | 0.028 |
0 to 2 weeks | ||||||||
ADG, g x, y, z | 330.8 b | 430.8 a | 400.0 ab | 361.5 ab | 423.1 a | 330.8 b | 20.3 | 0.001 |
ADFI, g | 520.6 | 617.9 | 616.3 | 583.4 | 577.1 | 535.4 | 27.7 | 0.104 |
G:F, g/g | 0.635 | 0.697 | 0.649 | 0.620 | 0.733 | 0.618 | 0.033 | 0.107 |
Diarrhea score 1 x, y | 1.461 a | 1.397 a | 1.302 ab | 1.266 ab | 1.067 b | 1.154 b | 0.107 | 0.032 |
2 to 4 weeks | ||||||||
ADG, g x | 550.0 | 592.9 | 600.0 | 592.9 | 628.6 | 664.3 | 25.8 | 0.066 |
ADFI, g | 1228.2 | 1249.7 | 1246.3 | 1166.8 | 1271.8 | 1310.2 | 60.5 | 0.685 |
G:F, g/g | 0.448 | 0.474 | 0.481 | 0.508 | 0.494 | 0.507 | 0.025 | 0.368 |
Diarrhea score 1 x, y | 0.567 a | 0.505 a | 0.360 b | 0.335 b | 0.268 b | 0.367 b | 0.103 | 0.033 |
Overall period (0 to 4 weeks) | ||||||||
ADG, g x | 444.4 b | 514.8 a | 503.7 a | 481.5 ab | 529.6 a | 503.7 a | 17.5 | 0.026 |
ADFI, g | 887.5 | 945.5 | 943.0 | 885.9 | 937.3 | 937.1 | 37.4 | 0.773 |
G:F, g/g | 0.501 b | 0.544 ab | 0.534 ab | 0.543 ab | 0.565 a | 0.537 ab | 0.020 | 0.255 |
Diarrhea score 1 x, y | 1.101 a | 0.905 a | 0.824 ab | 0.802 ab | 0.668 b | 0.742 b | 0.063 | 0.012 |
Treatment | CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic:Organic Zinc | 0 | 1000:0 | 850:150 | 700:300 | 500:500 | LP + MFA | ||
2 week ATTD, % | ||||||||
Dry matter x, y | 80.4 c | 81.6 b | 81.0 b | 82.9 a | 82.9 a | 83.1 a | 0.2 | 0.010 |
Crude protein x | 79.6 b | 79.2 b | 79.7 b | 80.2 ab | 81.0 a | 81.0 a | 0.3 | 0.001 |
Gross energy x, y | 78.8 c | 79.9 b | 79.6 b | 80.8 ab | 81.8 a | 80.9 ab | 0.3 | 0.013 |
4 week ATTD, % | ||||||||
Dry matter x | 81.4 b | 81.6 b | 82.3 ab | 83.1 a | 83.2 a | 82.7 ab | 0.2 | 0.031 |
Crude protein x | 79.9 | 80.1 | 80.5 | 80.6 | 80.8 | 81.3 | 0.4 | 0.098 |
Gross energy x | 79.2 | 79.5 | 79.3 | 80.0 | 80.7 | 80.3 | 0.3 | 0.102 |
Treatment | CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic:Organic Zinc | 0 | 1000:0 | 850:150 | 700:300 | 500:500 | LP + MFA | ||
Two weeks | ||||||||
Zinc concentration, mg/kg x, z | 100.0 c | 1125.0 a | 1100.0 a | 1000.0 b | 1000.0 b | 100.0 c | 11.2 | 0.001 |
Average daily feed intake, g x, z | 520.6 | 617.9 | 616.3 | 583.4 | 577.1 | 535.4 | 27.7 | 0.104 |
Average daily zinc intake, mg x, z | 52.1 c | 695.1 a | 677.9 a | 583.4 b | 577.1 b | 53.5 c | 18.5 | 0.001 |
Zinc excrete, mg/kg x, y, z | 91.3 e | 1048.5 a | 982.3 b | 867.0 c | 827.0 d | 90.3 e | 10.0 | 0.001 |
ATTD of Zinc, % x, y, z | 8.7 c | 6.8 d | 10.7 c | 13.3 b | 17.3 a | 9.7 c | 0.8 | 0.001 |
Four weeks | ||||||||
Zinc concentration, mg/kg x, z | 100.0 c | 1000.0 b | 1200.0 a | 1100.0 ab | 1050.0 b | 100.0 c | 12.4 | 0.001 |
Average daily feed intake, g x, z | 1228.2 | 1249.7 | 1246.3 | 1166.8 | 1271.8 | 1310.2 | 60.5 | 0.685 |
Average daily zinc intake, mg x, z | 122.8 b | 1249.7 a | 1495.6 a | 1283.5 a | 1335.4 a | 131.0 b | 122.7 | 0.001 |
Zinc excrete, mg/kg x, z | 91.0 d | 926.0 b | 1035.6 a | 935.0 b | 849.45 c | 89.3 d | 4.8 | 0.001 |
ATTD of Zinc, % x, z | 9.0 c | 7.4 d | 13.7 b | 15.0 b | 19.1 a | 10.7 c | 0.9 | 0.001 |
Treatment | CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic:Organic Zinc | 0 | 1000:0 | 850:150 | 700:300 | 500:500 | LP + MFA | ||
Red blood cell, 106/μL | 6.90 | 6.86 | 6.97 | 6.56 | 6.44 | 6.24 | 0.27 | 0.328 |
White blood cell, 103/μL | 18.2 | 17.9 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 22.1 | 22.3 | 2.5 | 0.731 |
Lymphocyte, % z | 66.9 | 68.1 | 64.3 | 63.6 | 68.3 | 67.8 | 4.5 | 0.959 |
Monocyte, % | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 0.084 |
Eosinophil, % | 0.84 | 0.85 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.28 | 0.76 | 0.27 | 0.657 |
Basophil, % | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 0.746 |
Immunoglobulin G, mg/dL | 169.6 | 171.5 | 157.4 | 201.2 | 162.4 | 178.4 | 25.5 | 0.865 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | 80.4 | 80.8 | 85.4 | 74.0 | 87.2 | 85.0 | 5.4 | 0.561 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 110.6 | 108.8 | 123.2 | 99.4 | 115.6 | 99.4 | 5.6 | 0.143 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL z | 6.40 b | 6.20 b | 6.60 ab | 7.40 a | 6.60 ab | 5.20 c | 0.29 | 0.011 |
Zinc, ug/dL x, z | 81.4 c | 142.3 a | 113.3 b | 109.0 b | 106.0 b | 79.7 c | 9.4 | 0.001 |
Treatment | CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic:Organic Zinc | 0 | 1000:0 | 850:150 | 700:300 | 500:500 | LP + MFA | ||
E. coli, log10cfug−1 x, y, z | 5.031 a | 4.867 ab | 4.609 ab | 4.258 b | 4.351 b | 4.326 b | 0.282 | 0.400 |
Lactobacillus, log10cfug−1 x, y, z | 7.625 b | 8.033 b | 7.737 b | 7.734 b | 7.698 b | 8.716 a | 0.163 | 0.001 |
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Oh, H.J.; Kim, M.H.; Song, M.H.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, Y.J.; Chang, S.Y.; An, J.W.; Go, Y.B.; Song, D.C.; Cho, H.A.; et al. Effects of Replacing Medical Zinc Oxide with Different Ratios of Inorganic: Organic Zinc or Reducing Crude Protein Diet with Mixed Feed Additives in Weaned Piglet Diets. Animals 2021, 11, 3132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113132
Oh HJ, Kim MH, Song MH, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Chang SY, An JW, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, et al. Effects of Replacing Medical Zinc Oxide with Different Ratios of Inorganic: Organic Zinc or Reducing Crude Protein Diet with Mixed Feed Additives in Weaned Piglet Diets. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113132
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Han Jin, Myung Hoo Kim, Min Ho Song, Ji Hwan Lee, Yong Ju Kim, Se Yeon Chang, Jae Woo An, Young Bin Go, Dong Cheol Song, Hyun Ah Cho, and et al. 2021. "Effects of Replacing Medical Zinc Oxide with Different Ratios of Inorganic: Organic Zinc or Reducing Crude Protein Diet with Mixed Feed Additives in Weaned Piglet Diets" Animals 11, no. 11: 3132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113132