Strongyloidiasis in Children Outside the Tropics: Do We Need to Increase Awareness?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Definitions
2.3. Laboratory Methods
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Assessment of Children with Borderline Serology
3.2. Assessment of Children with Positive Index
3.3. Assessment of Therapeutic Response of Patients with Positive Serology for S. stercoralis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patient (Sex, Age) | Home Country | Eosinophil Level (Cells/µL) | Clinical Signs/Symptoms | Comorbidities | Result of S. stercoralis on Stool Samples | Result of S. stercoralis Serology (Second Retesting) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient 1 (M/8 years) | Colombia | 225 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 2 (M/10 years) | India | 456 | No | Latent TB | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 3 (M/2 years) | Mali | 153 | No | Anemia | Negative (ME and AC) | Lost at FU |
Patient 4 (F/11 years) | Colombia | 1369 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Positive |
Patient 5 (M/3 years) | Thailand | 1667 | No | Toxocariasis | Negative (ME and AC) | Lost at FU |
Patient 6 (F/3 months) | Italy | 950 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 7 (M/10 years) | India | 509 | No | Latent TB | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 8 (M/11 years) | Italy | 1480 | No | No | Not performed | Negative |
Patient 9 (M/12 years) | Pakistan | 600 | No | No | Negative (ME and AC) | Lost at FU |
Patient 10 (M/11 years) | Italy | 890 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 11 (M/6 years) | Pakistan | 5000 | No | elevated IgE value | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 12 (M/14 years) | Russia | 360 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 13 (F/5 months) | Pakistan | 690 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Lost at FU |
Patient 14 (F/6 years) | India | 227 | No | No | Negative (ME and AC) | Positive |
Patient 15 (F/10 years) | Colombia | 348 | No | No | Negative (ME and AC) | Negative |
Patient 16 (M/10 years) | Colombia | 258 | No | No | Negative (ME and AC) | Negative |
Patient 17 (F/10 years) | Hungary | 209 | No | Giardiasis | Negative (ME and AC) | Negative |
Patient 18 (F/9 years) | Kosovo | 300 | No | No | Negative (ME and AC) | Borderline |
Patient 19 (F/10 years) | Chile | 64 | No | Giardiasis | Negative (ME) | Borderline |
Patient 20 (F/17 years) | Romania | 100 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 21 (M/11 years) | Senegal | 220 | No | Latent TB | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 22 (M/8 years) | India | 189 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 23 (M/11 years) | Senegal | 6575 | Abdominal pain | S. haematobium infection | Negative (ME) | Borderline |
Patient 24 (F/12 years) | Philippines | 440 | No | Latent TB | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 25 (F/16 years) | Nigeria | 25 | No | Latent TB | Negative (ME) | Lost at FU |
Patient 26 (M/7 years) | Hungary | 95 | No | No | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 27 (F/15 years) | Romania | 478 | No | Toxocariasis | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 28 (M/11 years) | Peru | 176 | No | No | Negative (ME and AC) | Negative |
Patient 29 (M/11 years) | Peru | 510 | No | Pleural TB | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient 30 (F/6 years) | Italy | 280 | Not known | Not known | Negative (ME) | Negative |
Patient (Sex, Age) | Year of Diagnosis | Parents Home Country | Serology Titer | Eosinophil Count (Cells/µL) | Symptoms | Toxocara canis Serology | Other Co-Infections | Other Anti-Parasite Treatment | S. stercoralis on Stool | Therapy | Serology Negativization | Normalization of Eosinophil Count after Therapy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient 1 (F/6 years) | 2011 | Italy | 3.1 | 585 | pruritis, nonspecific skin eruption | Negative | Pinworms | Pyrantel pamoate | No (ME) 1 | Ivermectin | Yes | Yes |
Patient 2 (F/8 months) | 2014 | Italy | 1.6 | 10,673 | Vomiting, anorexia | Negative | No | No | No (ME) | Albendazole | Yes | Yes |
Patient 3 (M/11 years) | 2015 | Italy | 1.97 | 1128 | Cough and wheezing | Negative | No | No | No (ME) | Ivermectin | Yes | Yes |
Patient 4 (F/15 years) | 2015 | Italy | 1.54 | 154 | hepato-splenic calcifications | Negative | No | No | No (ME) | No | Yes | |
Patient 5 (M/10 years) | 2015 | China | 2 | 278 | pruritis, urticaria | Positive | No | No | No (ME) | No | Unknown | |
Patient 6 (M,9 years) | 2016 | Kosovo | 1.63 | 34 | Cough | Negative | No | No | No (ME and AC) 2 | Ivermectin | Yes | Yes |
Patient 7 (M,14 years) | 2017 | Italy | 1.81 | 3959 | Eosinophilic pneumonia | Negative | No | No | No (ME and AC) | Ivermectin | Yes | Yes |
Patient 8 (F/6 years) | 2019 | Perú | 1.46 | 1963 | pruritis, abdominal pain | No | No | No | No (ME) | Ivermectin | Yes | Yes |
Clinical Signs/Symptoms | n (%) |
---|---|
Cough and wheezing | 10 (18.2%) |
Itch | 10 (18.2%) |
Nonspecific skin rash | 7 (12.7%) |
Abdominal pain | 6 (10.9%) |
Vomiting | 3 (5.5%) |
Urticaria | 2 (3.6%) |
Diarrhoea | 2 (3.6%) |
Larva currens | 1 (1.8%) |
Anorexia | 1 (1.8%) |
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Venturini, E.; Fusani, L.; Mantella, A.; Bianchi, L.; Antonelli, A.; Montagnani, C.; Chiappini, E.; Spinicci, M.; Bartoloni, A.; Rossolini, G.M.; et al. Strongyloidiasis in Children Outside the Tropics: Do We Need to Increase Awareness? Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091905
Venturini E, Fusani L, Mantella A, Bianchi L, Antonelli A, Montagnani C, Chiappini E, Spinicci M, Bartoloni A, Rossolini GM, et al. Strongyloidiasis in Children Outside the Tropics: Do We Need to Increase Awareness? Microorganisms. 2021; 9(9):1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091905
Chicago/Turabian StyleVenturini, Elisabetta, Lara Fusani, Antonia Mantella, Leila Bianchi, Alberto Antonelli, Carlotta Montagnani, Elena Chiappini, Michele Spinicci, Alessandro Bartoloni, Gian Maria Rossolini, and et al. 2021. "Strongyloidiasis in Children Outside the Tropics: Do We Need to Increase Awareness?" Microorganisms 9, no. 9: 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091905