Diagnosis and Treatment of Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinical Update
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diagnoses and Classifications
3. Diagnostic Approaches
3.1. Imaging Modalities
3.2. Diagnosis of M-TMD
4. Treatment Modalities
4.1. Conservative Therapies
4.1.1. Pharmacological Therapy
4.1.2. Occlusal Splint
4.1.3. Physiotherapy
4.1.4. Electrical Modalities
- A. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
- B. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
- C. Therapeutic Ultrasound (US)
- D. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT)
4.1.5. Psychological Intervention
4.2. Minimally Invasive Treatment
4.2.1. Dry Needling/Acupuncture
4.2.2. Minimally Invasive Injections
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Differential Diagnosis of M-TMD |
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Classification of M-TMD | Clinical Findings |
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Myalgia | Familiar pain in the masseter and temporalis upon palpation or mouth opening |
Local myalgia | Familiar pain in the masseter and temporalis localized to the site of palpation |
Myofascial pain | Pain in the masseter and temporalis spreading beyond the site of palpation but within the confines of the muscle being palpated |
Myofascial pain with referral | Pain in the masseter and temporalis beyond the confines of the muscle being palpated |
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Chan, N.H.Y.; Ip, C.K.; Li, D.T.S.; Leung, Y.Y. Diagnosis and Treatment of Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinical Update. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2914. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122914
Chan NHY, Ip CK, Li DTS, Leung YY. Diagnosis and Treatment of Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinical Update. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(12):2914. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122914
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Natalie Hoi Ying, Ching Kiu Ip, Dion Tik Shun Li, and Yiu Yan Leung. 2022. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinical Update" Diagnostics 12, no. 12: 2914. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122914