이슬람의 역사에서 순니 이슬람 법학파가 이슬람 사회를 강력하게 제도화하는 과정에서 세속화와 정치화에 대한 정화운동이 신비주의적 교의를 표방하며, 초기부터 활성화 되었다. 수피주의도 이 시기에 제도권 밖에서 일반무슬림을 중심으로 교세를 확장해 나갔다. 결국, 제정일치의 국가권력 체제를 갖춘 순니와 쉬아 이슬람이 수피주의의 교의를 포용하게 되었다.
수피의 철학은 신에 대한 ‘마으리파’(靈知; ma‘rifah)를 넘어서, 수행의 최종 단계인 ‘파나’(自己滅絶; fana’)을 통하여 ‘카라마트’(神人合一; karāmāt)에 도달한다는 논리이다. 특히 신일합일 실현의 방법론을 구축하는 과정에서 수피사상은 헬레니즘과 영지주의 철학을 공유하는 신비주의의 신학체계를 형성하였다. 수피주의는 신비적 직관을 최고의 목표로 두었고, 금욕주의를 강조하면서, 무슬림의 행동양식의 선도하여 왔다. 수피의 철학적 가치인 무슬림의 독실성과 내면의 사색을 강조하는 조명철학으로 발전되었다.
본 연구에서는 이슬람의 신비주의를 중심으로 수피주의의 사상적 기반과 신비주의의 특성을 살펴보았다. 특히, 수피주의 발생 요인과 더불어 수피학자들의 신학적 이론을 확인하였고, 수피수행의 단계와 수피 수행의 양태를 분석하였고, 수피의 신비주의 도입 과정과 샤리아의 해석내용 및 수피사상의 철학적 의미와 더불어 수피의 종교·역사적 역할측면에서 수피주의 교의와 수피교단의 사상적 결집에 대하여 평가하였다.
In the history of Islam, the Sunni Muslim jurisprudence (Ulama) was a strong leader in the Muslim community shortly after the Prophet Muhammad. The purification against material pursuit and selfish secularization took place from the earliest era. Sufism is believed to have occurred then, and the mysticism of Islam at that time did not enter the institutional sphere, while the movement sprang up in the public, mainly to ordinary Muslims. Sufi's philosophy goes beyond the preaching of Shri’a, final destination of practice is through self-destruction (fana'), which is to achieve total union with Allah’s bless, in particular, in the process of establishing the methodology of Gnosticism (ma'rifah). The theological system of Sufi mysticism shared by philosophies of hellenism and gnosticism. that has evolved into a lighting philosophy, leading to mystical intuition, emphasizing asceticism as the basic value of Sufism, and finally leading the way in the Muslims practice. In conclusion, Sufism got historical significance and philosophical values and evaluated as a unique Sufi Islam thought through contemplation of Muslim standards and inner reflection. This paper accessed to 1) examine Sufism ideological characteristics and mysticism type, the factors and ideological value of Sufism. 2) Also dwell upon sufi practice principles through analysis of sufi performance steps and theological basis of Sufi philosophy, and 3) evaluate the principles of sufi mysticism practice through the early mystic development process within Shari’a expansion, and 4) Sufi’s historical role through expansion of Islamic history.
In the history of Islam, the Sunni Muslim jurisprudence (Ulama) was a strong leader in the Muslim community shortly after the Prophet Muhammad. The purification against material pursuit and selfish secularization took place from the earliest era. Sufism is believed to have occurred then, and the mysticism of Islam at that time did not enter the institutional sphere, while the movement sprang up in the public, mainly to ordinary Muslims. Sufi's philosophy goes beyond the preaching of Shri’a, final destination of practice is through self-destruction (fana'), which is to achieve total union with Allah’s bless, in particular, in the process of establishing the methodology of Gnosticism (ma'rifah). The theological system of Sufi mysticism shared by philosophies of hellenism and gnosticism. that has evolved into a lighting philosophy, leading to mystical intuition, emphasizing asceticism as the basic value of Sufism, and finally leading the way in the Muslims practice. In conclusion, Sufism got historical significance and philosophical values and evaluated as a unique Sufi Islam thought through contemplation of Muslim standards and inner reflection. This paper accessed to 1) examine Sufism ideological characteristics and mysticism type, the factors and ideological value of Sufism. 2) Also dwell upon sufi practice principles through analysis of sufi performance steps and theological basis of Sufi philosophy, and 3) evaluate the principles of sufi mysticism practice through the early mystic development process within Shari’a expansion, and 4) Sufi’s historical role through expansion of Islamic history.
