Background In this study, we aim to highlight the transformation of self-image in patients with type 1 diabetes after diagnosis. Our objective in examining the self-image of these patients is to provide practical insights for nursing, as well as a basic reference for understanding patients.

Methods The participants were 15 patients (2 men and 13 women) over 20 years of age who visited an outpatient setting to treat type 1 diabetes and had no serious complications, and who agreed to participate in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted 1–2 times, with a duration of 60–75 minutes per person, from February 2016 to March 2017. We drew on Krippendorff’s (1999) content analysis to carry out our analysis.

Results We identified a total of 107 codes. The self-image of patients with type 1 diabetes was categorized into 8 subcategories and 4 categories. The 4 categories were ‘the wavering of a self-image that is distinct from the past,’ ‘loss of former self-image,’ ‘discovery of a new self-image,’ and ‘developing a new self-image.’ Ultimately, we were able to extract a fifth core category, ‘acquisition of a new self-image.’

Conclusion The self-image of patients with type 1 diabetes transformed from a negative to a positive one; ultimately, patients acquired a new self-image that was congruent with their ideal self-image. Our results showed that the new self-image that patients acquired through various experiences influenced motivation for treatment and continuation of self-care. When caring for patients with type 1 diabetes, it is crucial for healthcare professionals be aware of the meaning that patients derive from their disease and related difficulties, as well as to provide care while considering patients’ self-image.