MMSL 2012, 81(1):16-26 | DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2012.003

TERATOGENICITY AND EMBRYOTOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN ANIMAL MODELS - A SHORT REVIEWReview article

Syed M Nurulain*, M Shafiullah
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, AlAin, UAE. P.O.Box 17666, Alain, UAE

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are a wide group of compounds both structurally and functionally. Each OPC has a unique toxicological profile. The exposure to this type of poison is not limited only to certain occupationally exposed people but also to children, women, pregnant women; all have chances to be exposed to this poison. During the recent past years it has been reported in many poison epidemiological studies and case reports that exposure of OPCs during pregnancy caused malformed fetuses, neural tube defect (NTD) and shortening of pregnancy. The literature for animal models reveals inconclusive evidence. The generalized view is that they are neither teratogenic nor embryotoxic. But it is not true. There is a lack of systematic study and scarcity of reports on the topic. The present study was undertaken to investigate the teratogenicity induced by organophosphorus compounds in different animal models by literature review. Literature was searched by Toxicology Data NetWork (TOXNET), Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Database (DART), Toxicology Literature Online (TOXLINE), Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), Pubmed Central, Entrez-Pubmed, Science Direct, Directory Of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), Google Scholar and International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS-INCHEM), Embase. The terms for literature search were teratogenicity, organophosphorus compounds; fetal toxicity, organophosphorus compounds; organophosphorus poisoning and pregnancy; organophosphorus poisoning and growth restriction; organophosphorus poisoning and IUGR; organophosphorus poisoning and reproduction; organophosphates and reproduction; pregnancy and organophosphates. The outcome of the study concludes that the work on teratogenicity induced by organophosphorus compounds was completely neglected, inconclusive, and only carried out on less than half of the OPCs available in the market. A more comprehensive and systemic study on the subject is clearly needed and its importance should not be ignored because more positive cases are being reported on the teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of OPCs.

Keywords: IUGR; fetotoxicity; teratogenicity; Resorption; organophosphorus compound (OPC); embryotoxicity; organophosphates

Received: December 9, 2011; Revised: February 12, 2012; Published: March 9, 2012  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Nurulain, S.M., & Shafiullah, M. (2012). TERATOGENICITY AND EMBRYOTOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN ANIMAL MODELS - A SHORT REVIEW. MMSL, 81(1), 16-26. doi: 10.31482/mmsl.2012.003
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Sultatos, L.G. Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides. J Toxicol Environ Health.1994, 43(3): 271-289. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Littefield, M.H. Estimates of acute pesticide poisoning in agricultural workers in less developed countries. Toxicol Rev. 2005, 24: 271-278. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Peiris-Johna, R.J.; Wickremasinghe, R. Impact of low-level exposure to organophosphates on human reproduction and survival. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008, 102:239-245. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Rull, R.P.; Ritz, B.; Shaw, G.M. Neural tube defects and maternal residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications. Am J Epidemiol. 2006, 163(8): 743-753. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Stemp-Morlock, G. Pesticides and anencephaly. Environment Health Perspectives. 2007, 115(2):A78. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Bradman, A.; Barr, D.B.; Claus-Henn, B.G.; Drumheller, T.; Curry, C.; Eskenazi, B. Measurement of pesticides and other toxicants in amniotic fluid as a potential biomarker of prenatal exposure: a validation study. Environ Health Perspect. 2003, 111(14):1779-1782. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Ostrea, Jr. E.M.; Bielawski, D.M.; Posecion, Jr. N.C.; Corrion, M.; Villanueva-Uy, E.; Bernardo, R.C.; Jin, Y.; Janisse, J.J.; Ager, J.W. Combined analysis of prenatal (maternal hair and blood) and neonatal (infant hair, cord blood and meconium) matrices to detect fetal exposure to environmental pesticides. Environ Res. 2009, 109(1):116-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Whyatt, R.M.; Garfinkel, R.; Hoepner, L.A.; Andrews, H.; Holmes, D.; Williams, M.K.; Reyes, A.; Diaz, D.; Perera, F.P.; Camann, D.E.; Barr, D.B. A biomarker validation study of prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure within an inner-city cohort during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2009, 117(4):559-567. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Abu-Qare, A.W.; Abdel-Rahman, A.A.; Kishk, A.M.; Abou-Donia, M.B. Placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of a single dermal dose of [14C] methyl parathion in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2000, 53(1):5-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Eskenazi, B.; Bradman, A.; Castorina, R. Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects. Environ Health Perspect. 1999, 107 (Suppl. 3): 409-419. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Peiris-John, R. J.; Wickremasinghe, R. Impact of low-level exposure to organophosphates on human reproduction and survival. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 102(3):239-245. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Weitman, S.D.; Vodicnik, M.J.; Lech, J.J. Influence of pregnancy on parathion toxicity and disposition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983, 71(2):215-224. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Weitman, S.D.; Vodicnik, M.J.; Lech, J.J. Mechanism of enhanced parathion/paraoxon toxicity during pregnancy in the mouse. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1986, 6(1):155-161. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Abu-Qare, A.W.; Abou-Donia, M.B. Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzyme activity following a single cutaneous dose of methyl parathion and diazinon, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2001, 21(4):307-316. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Abu-Qare, A.W.; Abdel-Rahman, A.; Brownie, C.; Kishk, A.M.; Abou-Donia, M.B. Inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes following a single dermal dose of chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2001, 63(3):173-189. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Chanda, S.M.; Harp, P.; Liu, J.; Pope, C.N. Comparative developmental and maternal neurotoxicity following acute gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats. Comparative developmental and maternal neurotoxicity following acute gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health.1995, 44(2):189-202. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Muto, M.A.; Lobelle, F. Jr.; Bidanset, J.H.; Wurpel, J.N. Embryotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats associated with prenatal exposure to DURSBAN. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1992, 34(6):498-501.
    18. Srivastava, M.K.; Raizada, R.B.; Dikshith, T.S. Fetotoxic response of technical quinalphos in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1992, 34(2):131-133.
    19. Tian, T.; Yamauchi, Y. Micronucleus formation in 3-day mouse embryos associated with maternal exposure to chlorpyrifos during early preimplantation period. Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 17: 401-405. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Srivastava, M.K.; Raizada, R.B. Development effect of technical dimethoate in rats: maternal and fetal toxicity evaluation. Indian J Exp Biol. 1996, 34(4):329-333.
    21. Tian, Y.; Ishikawa, H.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yamauchi, T.;Yokoama, K. Teratogenicity and developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos maternal exposure during organogenesis in mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2005, 20:267-271. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Clemens, G.R.; Hartnagel, R.E.; Bare, J.J.; Thyssen, J.H. Teratological, neurochemical, and postnatal neurobehavioral assessment of METASYSTOX-R, an organophosphate pesticide in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1990, 14(1):131-143. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Spyker, J.M.; Avery, D.L.Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to the organophosphate diazinon in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1977, 3:989-1002. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Vogin, E.E.; Carson, S.; Slomka, M.B. Teratology studies with dichlorvos in rabbits. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1971, 19:377-378.
    25. Talens, G.; Wooley, D. Effects of parathion administration during gestation in the rat on development of the young. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacological Society. 1973, 16: 141-145.
    26. Baksi, S.N. Effect of dichlorvos on embryonal and fetal development on thyroparathyroidectomized, thyroxin-treated and euthyroid rats. Toxicology Letters. 1978. 2:213-216. Go to original source...
    27. Staples, R.E.; Kellam,R.G.; Haseman, J.K. Development toxicity in the rat after ingestionor gavage of organophosphate pesticides (Dipterex, Imidan) during pregnancy. Environmental health perspectives.1976, 13:133-140. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Farag, A.T.; Eweidah, M.H.; Tayel, S.M.; El-Sebae, A.H. Development toxicity of acephate by gavage in mice. Rep toxicol. 2000, 14:241-245. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Chung, M.K.; Kim, J.C.; Han, S.S. Developmental toxicity of flupyrazofos, a new organophosphorus insecticide, in rats. Food Chem Toxicol.2002, 40(5):723-729. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Ambali, S.F.; Henrieta, O.; Imana1, H.O.;Shittu, M.; Kawu, M.U.; Suleiman, O.; Salami, S.O.; Ayo, J.O. Anti-implantation effect of chlorpyrifos in Swiss albino mice. Agric Biol J N Am. 2010, 1(2): 152-155.
    31. Brimijoin, S.; Koenigsberger, C. Cholinesterases in neural development: new findings and toxicologic implications. Environ Health Perspect. 1999, 107 (Suppl) 1:59-64. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Robertson, R.T.; Yu, J. Acetylcholinesterase and neural development: New tricks for an old dog? News Physiol Sci. 1993, 8:266-272. Go to original source...
    33. Mack, A.; Robitzki, A. The key role of butyrylcholinesterase during neurogenesis and neural disorders: an antisense-5'butyrylcholinesterase-DNA study. Prog Neurobiol. 2000, 60(6):607-628. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Astroff A. B.; Young A. D. The relationship between maternal and fetal effects following maternal organophosphate exposure during gestation in the rat. Toxicol Ind Health. 1998, 14: 869-889. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Martson, L.V.; Voronina, V. M. Experimental study of the effect of a series of phosphoroorganic pesticides (dipterex and imidan) on embryogenesis. Environ. Health Perspectives. 1976, 13: 121-125. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Akhtar, N,;Srivastava, M.K.; Raizada, R.B. Transplacental disposition and teratogenic effects of chlorpyrifos in rats. J Toxicol Sci. 2006, 31(5):521-527. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Farag, A.T.; El Okazy, A.M.; El-Aswed, A.F. Developmental toxicity study of chlorpyrifos in rats. Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 17(2):203-208. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Muto, M.A.; Lobelle, F.; Jr, Bidanset, J.H.;Wurpel, J.N. Embryo-toxicity and neurotoxicity in rats associated with prenatal exposure to DURSBAN. Vet Hum Toxicol, 1992, 34:498-501.
    39. Decon, M.M.; Murray, J.S.; Pilny, M.K.; Rao, K.S.; Dittenber, D.A.; Hanly, J.R. Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity of orally administered chlorpyrifos in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1980, 54:31-40. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Maurissen, J.P.;Hoberman, A.M.; Garman, R.H.; Hanley, T.R. Jr. Lack of selective developmental neurotoxicity in rat pups from dams treated by gavage with chlorpyrifos.Toxicol Sci. 2000, 57(2):250-263. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Breslin, W.J.; Liberacki, A.B.; Dittenber, D.A.; Quast, J.F. Evaluation of the developmental and reproductive toxicity of chlorpyrifos in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1996, 29(1):119-130. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Misawa, M.;Doull, J.;Kitos, P.A.; Uyeki, E.M. Teratogenic effects of cholinergic insecticides in chick embryos. I. Diazinon treatment on acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1981, 57(1):20-29. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Mario, A.; Altamirano-Lozano.; Maria del Carmen CAMACHO-CHAMOMILE. and Raymundo LOYOLA-ALVAREZ-REYES Elia ROLDÁN. Mutagenic and Teratogenic effects of diazinon. Rev Int Contam Ambient. 1989, 5: 49-58.
    44. Lutz-Ostertag, Y.; Bruel, M.T. Embryo-toxic and teratogenic action of dichlorvos (organophosphate insecticide) on the development of the quail embryo. C R Seances Acad Sci III. 1981, 292(18):1051-1054.
    45. Lafontaine, A.; Aerts, J.; Jacques, P. Toxicity, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic action of dichlorvos. Arch Belg Med Soc. 1981, 39(3):159-174. Go to PubMed...
    46. Schwetz, B.A.; Ioset, H.D.; Leong, B.K.J.; Staples, R.E. Teratogenic potential of dichlorvos given by inhalation and gavage to mice and rabbits. Teratology. 1979, 20: 383-387. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Garrison, J.C.;Wyttenbach, C.R. Notochordal development as influenced by the insecticide dicrotophos (Bidrin). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 1985, 234: 243-250. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Garrison, J.C.; Wyttenbach, C.R. Teratogenic effects of the organophosphate insecticide dicrotophos (Bidrin): Histological characterization of defects. The Anatomical Record, 1985, 213(3): 464-472. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Meiniel, R. Plurality in the determinism of organophosphorus teratogenic effects. Experientia, 1976, 32:920-922. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Meiniel, R.; Lavergne, J.; Autissier-Navarro, C. Teratogenic effect of dicrotophos on the embryonic chick tibia; histological and cytological studies Toxicological European Research Recherche Europeenne En Toxicologie, 1979, 2(3):133-140. Go to PubMed...
    51. Farag, A.T.; Karkour, T.A.Z.; El Okazy, A. Developmental toxicity of orally administered technical dimethoate in rats. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology. 2006, 77: 40-46. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Mahadevaswami, M.P.; Kaliwal, B.B. Evaluation of Dimethoate toxicity on pregnancy in albino mice. J Basic and Clin Physiol and Pharmacol. 2011, 15(3-4): 211-222. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Diane,C,K.; James, E.; Andrewsa; Janet, S,; Linda, D. Teratogenic evaluation of the pesticides Baygon, Carbofuran, Dimethoate and EPN. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 1985, 20(4): 373-406. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Khera, K.S. Evaluation of Dimethoate (Cygon4E) for teratogenic activity in the Cat. J.Environ. Pathol Toxicol. 1979, 2:522-529. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Khera, K.S.; Whalen, C.; Trivett, G.; Angers G. Teratological studies on pesticidal formulations of dimethoate, Diuron and Lindane in rats. Bull Environ ContamToxicol. 1979, 22:522-529. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Weber, M. The Effect of Dimethoate and Vibrations on the Fetal Development of the Rat. Anatomischer Anzeiger. 1990, 170(3-4):221-226.
    57. Budreau, C.H.;Singh, R.P. Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of demeton and fenthion in CF#1 mouse embryos. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1973, 24(2):324-332. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Raouf, A.B.E.; Girgis, S.M. Mutagenic, Teratogenic and Biochemical Effects of Ethephon on Pregnant Mice and Their Fetuses. Global Veterinaria, 2011, 6 (3): 251-257.
    59. Meiniel, R.; Lutz-Ostcrtag, Y.;Lutz H. Effetsteratogenes du parathion sur le squclcttcembryonnarie de la caillcrJaponaisc (Cotumúrjoponica). Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Exp. 1970, 59:167-183. Go to PubMed...
    60. Nafstad, I.; Berge, G,; Sannes, E.; Lyngset, A. Teratogenic effects of the organophosphorus compound fenchlorphos in rabbits. Acta Vet Scand.1983, 24(3):295-304. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Berlinska, B.; Sitarek, K. Disturbances of prenatal development in rats exposed to fenitrothion. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig.1997, 48:217-228. Go to PubMed...
    62. Chung, M.K.; Kim, J.C.; Han, S.S. Developmental toxicity of flupyrazofos, a new organophosphorus insecticide, in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002,40(5): 723-729. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    63. Cook, L.W.; Paradise, C.J.; Lom B. The pesticide malathion reduces survival and growth in developing zebrafish. Environ Toxicol Chem.2005, 24:1745-1750. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Machin, M.G.A.; Mc Bride W.G. Teratological study of Malathion in the rabbit. J Toxicol Environ Health., 1984, 26:249-253. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Wyttenbach, C.R.; Thompson, S.C. The effects of the organophosphate insecticide malathion on very young chick embryos: Malformations detected by histological examination. American Journal of Anatomy. 1985, 174: 187-202. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Lechner, D.M.; Abdel-Rahman, M.S. A teratology study of carbaryl and malathion mixtures in rat. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1984, 14(2-3):267-278. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. de Castro, V.L.; Chiorato, S.H.; Pinto, N.F. Biological monitoring of embrio-fetal exposure to methamidophos or chlorothalonil on rat development. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2000, 42(6):361-365.
    68. Adilaxmamma, K.; Janardhan, A.; Reddy K.S. Monocrotophos: reproductive toxicity in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 1994, 26: 126-129.
    69. Lenselink, D.R.; Midtling, J.E, Kolesari, G.L. Teratogenesis associated with oxydemeton-methyl in the stage 12 chick embryo. Teratology. 1993, 48:207-211. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Reis, C.C.; Pellegatti, I.; Oga, S.; Zanini, A.C. Toxic and-or teratogenic action of anticholinesterase agents. I. Teratogenic action of parathion on the chick embryo. Rev Farm BioquimUniv Sao Paulo, 1971, 9(2):343-355.
    71. Kumar, K.B.; Devi, K.S. Teratogenic effects of methyl parathion in developing chick embryos. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1992, 34: 408-410.
    72. Várnagy, L.; Márta,Korzenszky; Fáncsi, T. Teratological examination of the insecticide methyl parathion /Wofatox 50 EC/ on pheasant embryos. 1. Morphological study Vet Res Commun. 1984, 8(1): 131 139. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    73. Guney, M.; Oral, B.; Demirin, H.; Take, G.; Giray, S.G.; Altuntas, I.; Mungan, T. Fallopian damage induced by organophosphate insecticide methyl parathion, and protective effect of vitamins E and C on ultrastructural changes in rats. ToxicolInd Health. 2007, 23:429 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Gupta, R.C.; Thornburg, J.E, Stedman DB, Welsch F. Effect of subchronic administration of methyl parathion on in vivo protein synthesis in pregnant rats and their conceptuses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.1984,72(3):457-468. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Gupta, R.C.;Rech, R.H.;Lovell, K.L.;Welsch, F.;Thornburg, J.E. Brain cholinergic, behavioral, and morphological development in rats exposed in utero to methylparathion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.1985, 77(3):405-413. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Levario-Carrillo, M.; Olave,M.E.; Corral, D.C.; Alderete, J.G.;Gagioti, S.M.; Bevilacqua, E. Placental morphology of rats prenatally exposed to methyl parathion. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2004, 55(6):489-496. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    77. Soni, I.; Bhatnagar, P. Embryo-toxic and teratogenic studies of phosphamidon in Swiss albino mice. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1989, 9: 253-257. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    78. Bhatnagar, P.; Soni, I. Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of phosphamidon in mice by gavage. Toxicol Lett. 1988, 42(2):101-107. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    79. Srivastava, M.K.; Raizada, R.B. Assessment of the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of quinalphos in pregnant rats. Food ChemToxicol. 1999, 37(6):649-653. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    80. Leborde, J.B.; Bates, H.K.; Dacre,J.C.;Young, J.F. Developmental toxicity to sarin in rat and rabbits. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1996, 46:249-265. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Bates, H.K.; LaBorde, J.B.; Dacre,J.C.; Young J.F. Developmental toxicity of soman in rats and rabbits. Teratology. 1990, 42:15-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Denny,K.H.; Parker, R.M.; Bucci T.J.; Dacre, J.D. Developmental toxicity test of Tabun (GA) in the New Zealand white rabbit. (Abst.) Teratology. 1990, 41:549.
    83. Hjelde, T.; Mehl, A.; Schanke, T.M. Fonnumb. andFrode. Teratogenic effects of trichlorfon (Metrifonate) on the guinea-pig brain. Determination of the effective dose and the sensitive period. Neurochem Int. 1998, 32 (5): 469-477. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Staples, R.E.;Goulding, E.H. Dipterex teratogenicity in the rat, hamster and mouse when given by gavage. Environ. Health Perspectives. 1979, 30, 105-113.
    85. Diane, C.K.; James E.; Andrewsa; Janet, S. Assessment of teratogenic potential of trichlorfon in mice and rats. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 1986, 21(3):207-227. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    86. Pope, C.N.; Liu, J. Age-related differences in sensitivity to organophosphorus pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.1997, 4(3-4):309-314 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    87. Moody, S.A.; Stein, D.B. The development of acetylcholinesterase activity in the embryonic nervous system of the frog, Xenopus laevis. Developmental Brain Research.1988, 39(2):225-232. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    88. Vergieva, T. Experimental study of the teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of endodan. ProblKhig. 1984, 9:88-95.
    89. Lassiter, T.L.; Padilla, S.; Mortensen, S.R.; Chanda, S.M.; Moser, V.C.; Barone,S.Jr. Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: apparent protection of the fetus? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.1998, 52(1):56-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    90. Michalek, H.;Pintor, A.; Fortuna, S.;Bisso, G.M. Effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate on brain cholinergic systems of rats at early developmental stages. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1985, (6 Pt 2):S204-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    91. Chanda, S.M.; Pope, C.N. Neurochemical and neurobehavioral effects of repeated gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos in maternal and developing rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996, 53(4):771-776. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    92. Bisso, G.M.; Meneguz, A.; Michalek, H. Development factors affecting brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition and recovery in DFP-treated rats. Dev Neurosci. 1982, 5(5-6):508-519. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    93. Meneguz, A.; Bisso, G.M.; Michalek, H. Alterations in the distribution of cholinesterase molecular forms in maternal and fetal brain following diisopropylfluorophosphate treatment of pregnant rats. Neurochem Res. 1989, 14(3):285-291. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    94. Benke, G.M.; Murphy, S.D. The influence of age on the toxicity and metabolism of methyl parathion and parathion in male and female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1975, 31: 254-259. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    95. Pope, C.N.; Chakraborti, T.K.; Chapman, M.L.; Farrar, J.D.; Arthun, D. Comparison of in vivo cholinesterase inhibition in neonatal and adult rats by three organophosphorothioate insecticides.Toxicology.1991, 68(1):51-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    96. Moser, V.C.; Padilla, S. Age- and gender-related differences in the time course of behavioral and biochemical effects produced by oral chlorpyrifos in rats. J Appl Pharmacol. 1998 149(1):107-119. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    97. Gomes, G.; OL, L.; Hong, Z. Oral exposure of male and female mice to formulations of organophosphorous pesticides: congenital malformations Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008, 27: 231-240. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    98. Kimbrough, R.; Gaines, T. Effect of organic phosphorus compounds and alkylating agents on the rat fetus. Arch Environ Health. 1968, 16: 805-808. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content