Abstract
This study investigated quantitatively the thermomechanical degradation of polyetherimide (PEI) due to Friction-based Injection Clinching Joining (F-ICJ) and the effects on the mechanical strength of hybrid joints with aluminum. PEI samples extracted from process-affected regions of the joints were characterized in terms of their molecular weight distribution (MWD) and glass transition temperature (Tg), while mechanical strength of the joints was evaluated by cross tensile testing. PEI samples produced by the most severe joining condition showed decrease of 37 % of number-average molecular weight (Mn) and 17 % of weight-average molecular weight (Mw), while polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) increased 33 % as compared with as-received polymer. The chain scission distribution function (CSDF) indicated non-random multiple scissions as the main degradation mechanism of PEI due to F-ICJ. From the dependence of Tg with Mn the parameters of the Fox-Flory equation for PEI were obtained. A fractional factorial design of experiments was adopted to analyze the influence of the process parameters on the polymer degradation, based on Tg values. High level of PEI degradation and microstructural defects caused by high energy inputs have combined negative effect on the ultimate cross tensile force and displacement of joints. In general, these results can contribute to the knowledge of thermomechanical degradation of PEI and help with the optimization of F-ICJ.
References
Abibe, A. B., Amancio-Filho, S. T., Dos Santos, J. F. and HageJr., E., “Development and Analysis of a New Joining Method for Polymer-Metal Hybrid Structures”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 24, 233–249 (2011) 10.1177/0892705710381469Search in Google Scholar
Abibe, A. B., Amancio-Filho, S. T., Dos Santos, J. F. and Hage, E., “Mechanical and Failure Behaviour of Hybrid Polymer Metal Staked Joints”, Mater. Des., 46, 338–347 (2013) 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.043Search in Google Scholar
Abibe, A. B., Amancio-Filho, S. T., Sônego, M., Dos Santos, J. F, European Patent Application EP 14182938.2 (2014)Search in Google Scholar
Abibe, A., “Friction-Based Injection Clinching Joining (F-ICJ): A New Joining Method for Hybrid Lightweight Structures”, PhD Thesis, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany (2015).Search in Google Scholar
Abibe, A. B., Sônego, M., Dos Santos, J. F., Canto, L. B. and Amancio-Filho, S. T., “On the Feasibility of A Friction-Based Staking Joining Method for Polymer-Metal Hybrid Structures”. Mater. Des., 92, 632–642 (2016) 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.087Search in Google Scholar
Ageorges, C., Ye, L., Mai, Y.-W. and Hou, M., “Characteristics of Resistance Welding of Lap Shear Coupons. Part I: Heat Transfer”, Composites Part A, 29, 899–909 (1998) 10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00022-0Search in Google Scholar
Ageorges, C., Ye, L., “Resistance Welding of Metal/Thermoplastic Composite Joints”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 14, 449–475 (2001) 10.1106/PN74-QXKH-7XBE-XKF5Search in Google Scholar
Altmeyer, J., Dos Santos, J. F. and Amancio-Filho, S. T., “Effect of the Friction Riveting Process Parameters on the Joint Formation and Performance of Ti Alloy/Short-Fibre Reinforced Polyether Ether Ketone Joints”, Mater. Des., 60, 164–176 (2014) 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.042Search in Google Scholar
Amancio-Filho, S. T., Roeder, J., Nunes, S., Dos Santos, J. F. and Beckmann, F., “Thermal Degradation of Polyetherimide Joined by Friction Riveting (Fricriveting). Part I: Influence of Rotation Speed”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 93, 1529–1538 (2008) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.019Search in Google Scholar
Amancio-Filho, S. T., “Friction Riveting: Development and Analysis of a New Joining Technique for Polymer-Metal Multi-Material Structures”, Welding in the World, 55, 13–24 (2011) 10.1007/BF03263511Search in Google Scholar
Brydson, J. A.: Plastics Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1999)Search in Google Scholar
Bueche, F., “Mechanical Degradation of High Polymers”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 4, 1001–106 (1960) 10.1002/app.1960.070041016Search in Google Scholar
Canevarolo, S. V., “Chain Scission Distribution Function for Polypropylene Degradation during Multiple Extrusions”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 70, 71–76 (2000) 10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00090-2Search in Google Scholar
Colak, Z. S., Sonmez, F. O. and Kalenderoglu, V., “Process Modelling and Optimization of Resistance Welding for Thermoplastic Composites”, J. Compos. Mater., 36, 721–744 (2002) 10.1106/002199802023507Search in Google Scholar
Casalino, G., Ghorbel, E., “Numerical Model of CO2 Laser Welding of Thermoplastic Polymers”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 207, 63–71 (2008) 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.092Search in Google Scholar
Ghorbel, E., Casalino, G. and Abed, S., “Laser Diode Transmission Welding of Polypropylene: Geometrical and Microstructure Characterisation of Weld”, Mater. Des., 30, 2745–2751 (2009) 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.10.027Search in Google Scholar
Hahn, O., Finkeldey, C., “Ultrasonic Riveting and Hot-Air-Sticking of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 16, 521–528 (2003) 10.1177/089270503032852Search in Google Scholar
Johnson, R. O., BurlhisH. S. “Polyetherimide: A New High-Performance Thermoplastic Resin”, J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Symp., 70, 129–43 (1983) 10.1002/polc.5070700111Search in Google Scholar
Kemmish, D. J.: High Performance Engineering Plastics, Ismithers Rapra, Shawbury, Shrewsbury (1995)Search in Google Scholar
Konchakova, N., Muellera, R. and Bartha, F.-J., “Damage Progress in Metal/Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures with Different Viscoelastic Interface Geometries”, Procedia Eng., 10, 758–763 (2011) 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.126Search in Google Scholar
Merdas, I., Thominette, F. and Verdu, J., “Humid Aging of Polyetherimide. I. Water Sorption Characteristics”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 77, 1439–1444 (2000) 10.1002/1097-4628(20000815)77:7<1439::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-FSearch in Google Scholar
Mu, L., Shi, Y., Feng, X., Zhu, J. and Lu, X., “The Effect of Thermal Conductivity and Friction Coefficient on the Contact Temperature of Polyimide Composites: Experimental and Finite Element Simulation”, Tribol. Int., 53, 45–52 (2012) 10.1016/j.triboint.2012.04.003Search in Google Scholar
Nandhini, R., Moorthy, M. K. and Muthukumaran, S., “Effect of Welding Parameters on Microstructure and Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded PA 6,6 Joints”, Int. Polym. Proc., 32, 416–424 (2017) 10.3139/217.3296Search in Google Scholar
Nash, R. J., Jacobs, D. M., “Mechanical Degradation of Thin Polystyrene Films”, Faraday Spec. Discuss. Chem. Soc., 2, 210–21 (1972) 10.1039/S19720200210Search in Google Scholar
Pinheiro, L. A., Chinelatto, M. A. and CanevaroloS. V., “The Role of Chain Scission and Chain Branching in High Density Polyethylene During Thermo-Mechanical Degradation”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 86, 445–453 (2004) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.05.016Search in Google Scholar
Sanner, M. A., Haralur, G. and MayA., “Effect of Molecular Weight on Brittle to Ductile Transition Temperature of Polyetherimide”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92, 1666–1671 (2004) 10.1002/app.20189Search in Google Scholar
Sawai, T., Ogawa, K., Yamaguchi, H., Ochi, H., Yamamoto, Y. and Suga, Y., “Evaluation of Joint Strength of Friction Welded Carbon Steel by Heat Input”, Weld. Int., 16, 432–441 (2002) 10.1080/09507110209549556Search in Google Scholar
Sônego, M., Abibe, A. B., Dos Santos, J. F., Canto, L. B. and Amancio-Filho, S. T., “Chemical Changes in Polyetherimide (PEI) Joined by Friction-Based Injection Clinching Joining (F-ICJ) Technique”, AIP Conference Proceedings 1779, 070007 (2016) 10.1063/1.4965539Search in Google Scholar
Sônego, M., “Effects of Polymer Degradation and Microstructural Changes on the Static Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Joints of Polyetherimide (PEI) and Aluminium Produced by F-ICJ”, Master Thesis, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil (2016)Search in Google Scholar
StokesV. K., “Vibration Welding of Thermoplastics. Part IV: Strengths of Poly(butylene terephthalate), Polyetherimide, and Modified Polyphenylene Oxide Butt Welds”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 28, 998–1008 (1988) 10.1002/pen.760281509Search in Google Scholar
Su, P., Gerlich, A., North, T. H. and Bendzsak, G. J., “Energy Utilisation and Generation during Friction Stir Spot Welding”, Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining, 11, 163–169 (2006) 10.1179/174329306X84373Search in Google Scholar
Tayal, A., Khan, S. A., “Degradation of a Water-Soluble Polymer: Molecular Weight Changes and Chain Scission Characteristics”, Macromolecules, 33, 9488–9493 (2000) 10.1021/Ma000736gSearch in Google Scholar
Van Krevelen, D. W., Te Nijenhuis, K.: Properties of Polymers, 4th Edition, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (2009) 10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.00001-7Search in Google Scholar
Wooley, K. L., Hawker, C. J., Pochan, J. M. and Frechet, J. M. J., “Physical Properties of Dendritic Macromolecules: A Study of Glass Transition Temperature”, Macromolecules, 26, 1514–1519 (1993) 10.1021/ma00059a006Search in Google Scholar
© 2019, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich