Abstract
A series of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PP/CNT) nanocomposites were prepared by masterbatch dilution, then followed by microinjection molding under a defined set of processing conditions. A micropart (μ-part) which has a three-step decrease in thickness along the flow direction was fabricated to study the effect of abrupt geometrical changes in mold cavities on the distribution of CNT in PP. To facilitate characterization, the μ-parts were divided into three sections based on thickness. The distribution of CNT within each section of subsequent μ-parts was evaluated by morphological observations and electrical resistivity measurements. In addition, the thermal properties of pure PP and PP/CNT nanocomposites as well as each section of subsequent μ-parts, were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.
References
Abbasi, S., Carreau, P. J. and Derdouri, A., “Flow Induced Orientation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Polycarbonate Nanocomposites: Rheology, Conductivity and Mechanical Properties”, Polymer, 51, 922–935 (2010) 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.12.041Search in Google Scholar
Abbasi, S., Derdouri, A. and Carreau, P. J., “Properties of Microinjection Molding of Polymer Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Conducting Composites”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 51, 992–1003 (2011) 10.1002/pen.21904Search in Google Scholar
Alig, I., Skipa, T., Lellinger, D. and Pötschke, P., “Destruction and Formation of a Carbon Nanotube Network in Polymer Melts: Rheology and Conductivity Spectroscopy”, Polymer, 49, 3524–3532 (2008) 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.05.037Search in Google Scholar
Arvidson, S. A., Khan, S. A. and Gorga, R. E., “Mesomorphic-A-Monoclinic Phase Transition in Isotactic Polypropylene: A Study of Processing Effects on Structure and Mechanical Properties”, Macromolecules, 43, 2916–2924 (2010) 10.1021/ma1001645Search in Google Scholar
Attia, U. M., Marson, S. and Alcock, J. R., “Micro-Injection Moulding of Polymer Microfluidic Devices”, Microfluid. Nanofluid., 7, 1–28 (2009) 10.1007/s10404-009-0421-xSearch in Google Scholar
Bauhofer, W., Kovacs, J. Z., “A Review and Analysis of Electrical Percolation in Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 69, 1486–1498 (2009) 10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.06.018Search in Google Scholar
Bikiaris, D., “Microstructure and Properties of Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites”, Materials, 3, 2884–2946 (2010) 10.3390/ma3042884Search in Google Scholar
Cheng, H. K. F., Chong, M. F., Liu, E., Zhou, K. and Li, L., “Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene Nanocomposites”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 117, 63–71 (2014) 10.1007/s10973-014-3668-8Search in Google Scholar
Chu, J., Kamal, M. R., Derdouri, S. and Hrymak, A., “Characterization of the Microinjection Molding Process”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 50, 1214–1225 (2010) 10.1002/pen.21632Search in Google Scholar
Coleman, J. N., Khan, U., Blau, W. J. and Gun'ko, Y. K., “Small But Strong: A Review of the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites”, Carbon, 44, 1624–1652 (2006) 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.038Search in Google Scholar
Ding, W., Chen, Y., Liu, Z. and Yang, S., “In situ Nano-Fibrillation of Microinjection Molded Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(3-caprolactone) Blends and Comparison with Conventional Injection Molding”, RSC Adv., 5, 92905–92917 (2015) 10.1039/c5ra15402bSearch in Google Scholar
Ghoshal, S., Wang, P. H., Gulgunje, P., Verghese, N. and Kumar, S., “High Impact Strength Polypropylene Containing Carbon Nanotubes”, Polymer, 100, 259–274 (2016) 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.069Search in Google Scholar
Giboz, J., Copponnex, T. and Mélé, P., “Microinjection Molding of Thermoplastic Polymers: A Review”, J. Micromech. Microeng., 17, 96–109 (2007) 10.1088/0960-1317/17/6/r02Search in Google Scholar
Han, Z., Fina, A., “Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes and their Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review”, Prog. Polym. Sci., 36, 914–944 (2011) 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.11.004Search in Google Scholar
Harris, P. J. F., “Carbon Nanotube Composites”, Int. Mater. Rev., 49, 31–43 (2004) 10.1179/095066004225010505Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, Z., Chen, Y. and Liu, Z., “The Morphology, Crystallization and Conductive Performance of a Polyoxymethylene/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Prepared under Microinjection Molding Conditions”, J. Polym. Res., 21, 451 (2014) 10.1007/s10965-014-0451-2Search in Google Scholar
Kamal, M. R., Derdouri, A. and El-Otmani, R., Oral Presentation at PPS Americas Conference, Niagara Falls, Canada (2012)Search in Google Scholar
Kazemi, Y., Kakroodi, A. R., Wang, S., Ameli, A., Filleter, T., Pötschke, P., Park, C. B. “Conductive Network Formation and Destruction in Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube Composites via Crystal Control Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide”, 129, 179–188 (2017) 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.056Search in Google Scholar
Logakis, E., Pollatos, E., Pandis, C., Peoglos, V., Zuburtikudis, I., Delides, C. G., Vatalis, A., Gjoka, M., Syskakis, E., Viras, K. and Pissis, P., “Structure–Property Relationships in Isotactic Polypropylene/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 70, 328–335 (2010) 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.10.023Search in Google Scholar
Mavridis, H., Hrymak, A. N. and Vlachopoulos, J., “The Effect of Fountain Flow on Molecular Orientation in Injection Molding”, J. Rheol., 32, 639–663 (1988) 10.1122/1.549984Search in Google Scholar
Motaghi, A., Hrymak, A. and Motlagh, G. H., “Electrical Conductivity and Percolation Threshold of Hybrid Carbon/Polymer Composites”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 132, 41744 (2015) 10.1002/app.41744Search in Google Scholar
Nurul, M. S., Mariatti, M., “Effect of Thermal Conductive Fillers on the Properties of Polypropylene Composites”, J. the rmoplast. Compos., 26, 627–639 (2013) 10.1177/0892705711427345Search in Google Scholar
Park, J., Eom, K., Kwon, O. and Woo, S., “Chemical Etching Technique for the Investigation of Melt-Crystallized Isotactic Polypropylene Spherulite and Lamellar Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy”, Microsc. Microanal., 7, 276–286 (2001) 12597818 10.1007/s100050010074Search in Google Scholar
Pötschke, P., Abdel-Goad, M., Alig, I., Dudkin, S. and Lellinger, D., “Rheological and Dielectrical Characterization of Melt Mixed Polycarbonate-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites”, Polymer, 45, 8863–8870 (2004) 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.040Search in Google Scholar
Research and Markets: Report of “Metal Replacement Market by End-Use Industry (Automotive, Aerospace & Defense, Construction, Healthcare, Others), Type (Engineering Plastics, Composites), and Region-Global Forecast to 2021”, (2016)Search in Google Scholar
Seo, M. K., Lee, J. R. and Park, S. J., “Crystallization Kinetics and Interfacial Behaviors of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 404, 79–84 (2005) 10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.065Search in Google Scholar
Wen, X., Tian, N., Gong, J., Chen, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Jiang, Z., Chen, X. and Tang, T., “Effect of Nanosized Carbon Black on Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites”, Polym. Adv. Technol., 24, 971–977 (2013) 10.1002/pat.3172Search in Google Scholar
Yang, B. X., Shi, J. H., Pramoda, K. P. and Goh, S. H., “Enhancement of the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Using Polypropylene-Grafted Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 68, 2490–2497 (2008) 10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.001Search in Google Scholar
Yang, L., Su, J., Yang, Q., Zhang, T., Zhao, Z., Huang, Y. and Liao, X., “Effective in situ Polyamide 6 Microfibrils in Isotactic Polypropylene under Microinjection Molding: Significant Improvement of Mechanical Performance”, J. Mater. Sci., 51, 10386–10399 (2016) 10.1007/s10853-016-0259-zSearch in Google Scholar
Zema, L., Loreti, G., Melocchi, A., Maroni, A. and Gazzaniga, A., “Injection Molding and its Application to Drug Delivery”, J. Controlled Release, 159, 324–331 (2012) 22245483 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, N., Chu, J. S., Byrne, C. J., Browne, D. J. and Gilchrist, M. D., “Replication of Micro/Nano-Scale Features by Micro Injection Molding with a Bulk Metallic Glass Mold Insert”, J. Micromech. Microeng., 22, 065019 (2012) 10.1088/0960-1317/22/6/065019Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Yang, Q., Kong, M., Tang, D., Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Lou, F., Huang, Y. and Liao, X., “Unusual Hierarchical Structures of Micro-Injection Molded Isotactic Polypropylene in Presence of an in situ Microfibrillar Network and A B-Nucleating Agent”, RSC Adv., 5, 43571–43580 (2015) 10.1039/c5ra05709dSearch in Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Chen, Y., Zou, H. and Liang, M., “Thermally Conductive Composites Obtained by Flake Graphite Filling Immiscible Polyamide 6/Polycarbonate Blends”, Thermochim. Acta, 566, 84–91 (2013a) 10.1016/j.tca.2013.05.027Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Lei, Y., Zou, H. and Liang, M., “High the rmally Conducting Composites Obtained Via in Situ Exfoliation Process of Expandable Graphite Filled Polyamide 6”, Polym. Compos., 34, 1816–1823 (2013b) 10.1002/pc.22586Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Luo, W., Zou, H., Liang, M. and Li, S., “Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Polyamide 6/Polypropylene (PA6/PP) Immiscible Blends with High Loadings of Graphite”, J. Compos. Mater., 50, 327–337 (2016a) 10.1177/0021998315574753Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Hrymak, A. N. and Kamal, M. R., “Electrical and Morphological Properties of Microinjection Molded Polystyrene/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 56, 1182–1190 (2016b) 10.1002/pen.24352Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Hrymak, A. N. and Kamal, M. R., “Microinjection Molding of Polypropylene/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: The Influence of Process Parameters”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 58, E226–E234 (2018) 10.1002/pen.24682Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Hrymak, A. N. and Kamal, M. R. “Electrical and Morphological Properties of Microinjection Molded Polypropylene/Carbon Nanocomposites”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 134, 45462 (2017) 10.1002/app.45462Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Yu, L., Song, X., Chang, J., Zou, H. and Liang, M., “Preparation of Highly Thermally Conducting Polyamide 6/Graphite Composites via Low-Temperature in situ Expansion”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131, 39596 (2014) 10.1002/app.39596Search in Google Scholar
© 2018, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich