Abstract
The adhesion tendency of the polymers polyoxymethylene, polyamide 6.6 and polyether ether ketone against hard coatings to protect molds in polymer processing was evaluated by a combination of tribological tests, investigations of wear tracks and measurements of the coatings' surface energies. It was found that a low surface roughness and a low surface energy of the coating are beneficial to reduce friction and adhesion tendency. Among the coating materials investigated, CrN seems to be the most promising candidate for the protection of molds for polymer processing.
References
Anders, A.: Cathodic Arcs – from Fractal Spots to Energetic Condensation, Springer, New York (2008)10.1007/978-0-387-79108-1Search in Google Scholar
Becker, G. W.: Braun, D., Kunststoffhandbuch, Bd. 3Technische Thermoplaste, Hanser, Munich (1998)Search in Google Scholar
Dearnley, P. A., “Low Friction Surfaces for Plastic Injection Moulding Dies – an Experimental Case Study”, Wear, 225-229, 1109–1113 (1999)10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00417-7Search in Google Scholar
Edlmayr, V., Harzer, T. P., Hoffmann, R., Kiener, D., Scheu, C. and Mitterer, C., “Effects of Thermal Annealing on the Microstructure of Sputtered Al2O3 Coatings”, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 29, 041506 (2011)10.1116/1.3584803Search in Google Scholar
Cunha, L., Andritschky, M., Pischow, K., Wang, Z., Zarychta, A., Miranda, A. and Cunha, A., “Performance of Chromium Nitride and Titanium Nitride Coatings during Plastic Injection Moulding”, Surf. Coat. Technol., 153, 160–165 (2002)10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01690-5Search in Google Scholar
Ehrenstein, G. W.: Polymeric Materials: Structure-Properties-Applications, Hanser, Munich (2001)10.3139/9783446434134Search in Google Scholar
Griffiths, C. A., Dimov, S. S., BrousseauE.B., Chouquet, C., Gavillet, J. and Bigot, S., “Investigation of Surface Treatment Effects in Micro-Injection Moulding”, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 47, 99–110 (2010)10.1007/s00170-009-2000-4Search in Google Scholar
Helmersson, U., Lattemann, M., Bohlmark, J., Ehiasarian, A. P. and Gudmundsson, J. T., “Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition (IPVD): A Review of Technology and Applications”, Thin Solid Films, 513, 1–24 (2006)10.1016/j.tsf.2006.03.033Search in Google Scholar
Holmberg, K., Matthews, A.: Coatings Tribology – Properties, Techniques and Applications in Surface Engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2009)Search in Google Scholar
Kaelble, D. H., “Dispersion-Polar Surface Tension Properties of Organic Solids”, J. Adhesion, 2, 66–81 (1970)10.1080/0021846708544582Search in Google Scholar
Mattox, D. M.: Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processing, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Oxford (2010)10.1016/B978-0-8155-2037-5.00008-3Search in Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, P. H., Tischler, G. and Mitterer, C., “Microstructure and Mechanical/Thermal Properties of Cr-N Coatings Deposited by Reactive Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering”, Surf. Coat. Technol., 142-144, 78–84 (2001)10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01090-8Search in Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, P. H., Kunc, F., Musil, J. and Mitterer, C., “A Comparative Study on Reactive and Non-Reactive Unbalanced Magnetron Sputter Deposition of TiN Coatings”, Thin Solid Films, 415, 151–159 (2002)10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00511-4Search in Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, P. H., Mitterer, C., Hultman, L. and Clemens, H., “Microstructural Design of Hard Coatings”, Progr. Mater. Sci., 51, 1032–1114 (2006)10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.02.002Search in Google Scholar
Mitterer, C., Holler, F., Reitberger, D., Badisch, E., Stoiber, M., Lugmair, C., Nöbauer, R., Müller, Th. and Kullmer, R., “ Industrial Applications of PACVD Hard Coatings”, Surf. Coat. Technol., 163-164, 716–722 (2003)10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00685-0Search in Google Scholar
Music, D., Lange, D., RaumannL., to Baben, M., von Fragstein, F. and Schneider, J. M., “Polypropylene-MAlN (M = Ti, Cr) Interface Interactions”, Surf. Sci., 606, 986–989 (2012)10.1016/j.susc.2012.02.022Search in Google Scholar
Navabpour, P., Teer, D. G., Hitt, D. J. and Gilbert, M., “Evaluation of Non-Stick Properties of Magnetron-Sputtered Coatings for Moulds Used for the Processing of Polymers”, Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 3802–3809 (2006)10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.06.042Search in Google Scholar
Owens, D. K., Wendt, R. C., “Estimation of the Surface Free Energy of Polymers”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 13, 1741–1747 (1969)10.1002/app.1969.070130815Search in Google Scholar
Rabel, W., Einige Aspekte der Benetzungstheorie und ihre Anwendung auf die Untersuchung und Veränderung der Oberflächeneigenschaften von Polymeren“, Farbe und Lack77, 997–1005 (1971)Search in Google Scholar
Rabinowicz, E.: Friction and Wear of Materials, John Wiley, New York (1964)Search in Google Scholar
Rebelo de Figueiredo, M., Muratore, C., Franz, R., Chromik, R. R., Wahl, K. J., Voevodin, A. A., O’Sullivan, M., Lechthaler, M. and Mitterer, C., “In Situ Studies of TiC1-xNx Hard Coating Tribology”, Tribol. Lett., 40, 365–373 (2010)10.1007/s11249-010-9664-7Search in Google Scholar
Reiter, A. E., Derflinger, V. H., Hanselmann, B., Bachmann, T. and Sartory, B., “Investigation of the Properties of Al1-xCrxN Coatings Prepared by Cathodic Arc Evaporation”, Surf. Coat. Technol., 200, 2114–2122 (2005)10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.043Search in Google Scholar
Robertson, J., “Diamond-Like Amorphous Carbon”, Mater. Sci. Eng. R37, 129–281 (2002)10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00005-0Search in Google Scholar
Ström, G., Fredriksson, M. and Stenius, P., “Contact Angles, Work of Adhesion, and Interfacial Tensions at a Dissolving Hydrocarbon Surface”, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 119, 352–361 (1987)10.1016/0021-9797(87)90280-3Search in Google Scholar
Van Stappen, M., Vandierendonck, K., Mol, C., Beeckman, E. and De Clercq, E., “Practice vs. Laboratory Tests for Plastic Injection Moulding”, Surf. Coat. Technol., 142-144, 143–145 (2001)10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01062-3Search in Google Scholar
Wang, D.-Y., Chiu, M.-C., “Characterization of Cr2O3/CrN Duplex Coatings for Injection Molding Applications”, Surf. Coat. Technol., 137, 164–169 (2001)10.1016/S0257-8972(00)01109-9Search in Google Scholar
© 2013, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich