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Zhang YN, Chen YG, Wang T et al. Ultrahigh performance passive radiative cooling by hybrid polar dielectric metasurface thermal emitters. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 230194 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.230194
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Ultrahigh performance passive radiative cooling by hybrid polar dielectric metasurface thermal emitters
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Abstract
Real-world passive radiative cooling requires highly emissive, selective, and omnidirectional thermal emitters to maintain the radiative cooler at a certain temperature below the ambient temperature while maximizing the net cooling power. Despite various selective thermal emitters have been demonstrated, it is still challenging to achieve these conditions simultaneously because of the extreme difficulty in controlling thermal emission of photonic structures in multidimension. Here we demonstrated hybrid polar dielectric metasurface thermal emitters with machine learning inverse design, enabling a high emissivity of ~0.92 within the atmospheric transparency window 8–13 μm, a large spectral selectivity of ~1.8 and a wide emission angle up to 80 degrees, simultaneously. This selective and omnidirectional thermal emitter has led to a new record of temperature reduction as large as ~15.4 °C under strong solar irradiation of ~800 W/m2, significantly surpassing the state-of-the-art results. The designed structures also show great potential in tackling the urban heat island effect, with modelling results suggesting a large energy saving and deployment area reduction. This research will make significant impact on passive radiative cooling, thermal energy photonics and tackling global climate change.-
Keywords:
- radiative cooling /
- dielectric metasurfaces /
- machine learning /
- thermal emitters
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References
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Supplementary information for Ultrahigh performance passive radiative cooling by hybrid polar dielectric metasurface thermal emitters 
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Zhang YN, Chen YG, Wang T et al. Ultrahigh performance passive radiative cooling by hybrid polar dielectric metasurface thermal emitters. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 230194 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.230194
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Figure 1.
Design of hybrid polar dielectric metasurface thermal emitter. (a) The proposed hybrid metasurface with the unit consisting of alternating Si3N4 and SiO2 polar dielectric materials. Patm is the downward atmosphere thermal emission and Prad is the thermal emission of the metasurfaces. (b) The normalized scattering cross-section of the optimized 3-layer (SiO2/Si3N4/SiO2) Mie resonator with the electrical field distributions at various resonance wavelengths and the extinction coefficients of Si3N4 (red) and SiO2 (green). (c) Schematic of the multilayer perception neural network for inverse design with input, hidden and output layers. (d) Emissivity spectrum of the inversely optimized 3-layer selective thermal emitter, compared with the ideal spectrum. (e) Emissivity, selectivity, and emission angle of this work, in comparison with state-of-the-art results.
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Figure 2.
The fabricated 2-layer metasurface and its emissivity. (a) A photography of the fabricated 4 inches metasurface thermal emitter. (b) Top-view and tilted SEM images of an array of the hybrid SiO2/Si3N4 dielectric resonators (scale bar: 10 μm and 2 μm for the left and right two figures, respectively). (c) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elemental mappings of the metasurfaces (scale bar: 5 μm). (d) The measured infrared emissivity of the metasurfaces. (e) Multipolar decomposition of the 2-layer dielectric resonator. ED: electrical dipole; MD: magnetic dipole; EQ: electric quadrupole; MQ: magnetic quadrupole. (f) Electric and magnetic field profiles at the two resonance wavelengths 8.9 μm (top) and 10.5 μm (bottom).
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Figure 3.
Angle-resolved thermal emissivity. (a, b) Net cooling power
Pcooling of the ideal selective thermal emitter with various thermal emission angles in the cases of heat exchange coefficient h = 0 W/m2/K (a) and 2 W/m2/K (b). Ta and Tr are ambient and radiative cooler temperature, respectively. (c) The steady temperature of the radiative cooler as a function of the emission angle for various heat exchange coefficients h. (d–f) The angle-resolved emissivity (unpolarized, s polarized, and p polarized) of the metasurface thermal emitter. -
Figure 4.
(a) Schematic of the apparatus and the metasurface radiative cooler. (b) Photo of the apparatus on the test rooftop in Shanghai, China. (c, d) The solar irradiation and environment (wind speed and relative humidity) during the rooftop test. (e) Steady-state temperature of the metasurface radiative cooler and the ambient temperature. (f) The net cooling power of the radiative cooler using the experimental spectra data (solar absorbance: q=5.4%; heat exchange coefficient: h=4.04 W/m2/K).
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Figure 5.
(a) Schematic diagram of the urban heat island effect. The ~N W/m2 represents the net growth rate of the anthropogenic heat. (b) The calculated deployment area to reduce the temperature by our metasurface radiative cooler with emission angle of 80° and 60°, respectively. (c–f) The calculated area for eliminating the heat island effect and achieving a comfortable body temperature during summertime for China’s four big cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Tianjin.
