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Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold great promise to be the next-generation candidate for high-energy-density secondary batteries but in the prerequisite of using low electrolyte-to-sulfur (E/S) ratios. Highly solvating electrolytes (HSEs) and sparingly solvating electrolytes (SSEs), with opposite nature towards the dissolution of polysulfides, have recently emerged as two effective solutions to decrease the E/S ratio and increase the overall practical energy density of Li–S batteries. HSEs featuring with high polysulfide solvation ability have the potential to reduce the E/S ratio by dissolving more polysulfides with less electrolyte, while SSEs alter the sulfur reaction pathway from a dissolution–precipitation mechanism to a quasi-solid mechanism, thereby independent on the use of electrolyte amount. Both HSEs and SSEs show respective effectiveness in lean-electrolyte Li–S batteries, but encounter different challenges to bring Li–S batteries into practical application. This review aims to present a comparative discussion on their unique features and basic electrochemical reaction mechanisms in practical lean-electrolyte Li–S batteries. Emphasis is focused on the current technical challenges and possible solutions for their future development.


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Towards practical lean-electrolyte Li–S batteries: Highly solvating electrolytes or sparingly solvating electrolytes?

Show Author's information Hualin Ye1Yanguang Li1,2( )
Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China

Abstract

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold great promise to be the next-generation candidate for high-energy-density secondary batteries but in the prerequisite of using low electrolyte-to-sulfur (E/S) ratios. Highly solvating electrolytes (HSEs) and sparingly solvating electrolytes (SSEs), with opposite nature towards the dissolution of polysulfides, have recently emerged as two effective solutions to decrease the E/S ratio and increase the overall practical energy density of Li–S batteries. HSEs featuring with high polysulfide solvation ability have the potential to reduce the E/S ratio by dissolving more polysulfides with less electrolyte, while SSEs alter the sulfur reaction pathway from a dissolution–precipitation mechanism to a quasi-solid mechanism, thereby independent on the use of electrolyte amount. Both HSEs and SSEs show respective effectiveness in lean-electrolyte Li–S batteries, but encounter different challenges to bring Li–S batteries into practical application. This review aims to present a comparative discussion on their unique features and basic electrochemical reaction mechanisms in practical lean-electrolyte Li–S batteries. Emphasis is focused on the current technical challenges and possible solutions for their future development.

Keywords: lithium−sulfur batteries, lean electrolyte, highly solvating electrolytes, sparingly solvating electrolytes

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Publication history

Received: 28 April 2022
Revised: 29 May 2022
Accepted: 30 May 2022
Published: 03 June 2022
Issue date: June 2022

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U2002213 and 51972219), the Science and Technology Development Fund Macau SAR (No. 0077/2021/A2), the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, the 111 Project, and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices.

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